Figures
Abstract
Background
Prospective studies have found low bilirubin levels were an important predictive factor of cardiovascular events. However, few have yet investigated possible association between serum bilirubin level and LVH in essential hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between serum bilirubin levels with LVH in newly diagnosed hypertension patients.
Methods
The present study evaluated the relationship between serum total bilirubin level and left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients with a sample size of 344. We divided subjects into LVH group (n=138) and non-LVH group (n=206). Physical examination, laboratory tests and echocardiography were conducted. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to verify the independent association between RDW and LVH.
Results
Our results found that patients with LVH had lower bilirubin levels than non-LVH ones. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed total bilirubin level (B=-0.017, P=0.008) was negatively associated with left ventricle mass index (LVMI) even adjusting for some confounders. The multiples logistic regression found total bilirubin level was independently related with of LVH, as a protective factors (OR=0.91, P=0.010).
Citation: Zhou T, Chen X, Li Z, Li L (2015) Relationship between Serum Bilirubin and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Essential Hypertension. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0125275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125275
Academic Editor: Ryuichi Morishita, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, JAPAN
Received: February 4, 2015; Accepted: March 22, 2015; Published: April 27, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Hypertension is an important public health issue worldwide [1] Hypertension could damage various target organs [2] and thus raise the risks of coronary heart disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and stroke [3–5]. Left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) is a common subclinical organ damage induced by hypertension. The prevalence of LVH among hypertensive patients is about 20%–40% [6]. LVH has been suggested as a validated marker indicating the mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [7]. Therefore, identifying specific risk factors of LVH in hypertensive patients is quite important for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events. Many common risk factors of LVH have been confirmed through epidemiologic research, such as obesity, old age, high blood pressure, and smoking status [8].
Now, growing attention has been paid to some serological indices, such as serum bilirubin level. As the final product of heme catabolism, bilirubin is anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in vitro and in vivo [9]. Epidemiologic evidence has shown that the increase in serum bilirubin level, even within normal range [10], is a protective factor of CVDs. A clinical study suggests that people with lower serum bilirubin levels are more likely to suffer from hypertension, diabetes and obesity [11]. Moreover, prospective studies also show that low bilirubin level is a main predictive factor of cardiovascular events, such as stroke, heart failure and coronary artery disease [12–14]. However, the possible association between serum bilirubin level and the occurrence of LVH in essential hypertensive patients has been rarely investigated. Bilirubin can suppress the oxidation of blood lipids including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and the application of bilirubin can improve the marker of anti-oxidative stress [15, 16]. Therefore, we assume that high serum bilirubin level may be a protective factor of LVH in hypertensive patients. On this basis, serum bilirubin level examination can be conducted as a cheap routine test and as a potential predictor of LVH in newly-diagnosed hypertensive patients. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relation between serum bilirubin level and the occurrence of LVH in newly-diagnosed hypertensive patients.
Methods
Study population
This cross-sectional study preliminarily involved 408 consecutive hypertensive patients who had not received any treatment before and were enrolled in the outpatient clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital at Southern Medical University between October 2013 and July 2014. All patients then underwent physical and Laboratory examinations. The inclusion criteria were as follows: no history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac valve disease, severe renal function impairment [defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2], coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty, diabetes mellitus or renal insufficiency; no treatment with urate-lowering medication (allopurinol and probenecid); no secondary or malignant hypertension. Sixty-two patients who did not meet the above criteria were excluded. Therefore, 344 hypertensive patients were involved the final statistical analysis (S1 Dataset). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Blood pressure measurements
Newly diagnosed hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and (or) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. Blood pressures were measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Three measurements were taken at a 10-min interval and then averaged to define the clinic SBP or DBP.
Laboratory examinations
Serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin levels were measured by the vanadate oxidation method using automatic biochemical analyzer. Hematologic test was measured using an automated hematology analyzer (Bayer Diagnostics, Newbury, and Berkshire, UK). During blood routine test [red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width (RDW)], fasting blood glucose, and creatinine, as well as the fasting serum lipid status including levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were recorded. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). The eGFR was calculated as follows [17]: 186×SCr-1.154×age in years-0.203×1.210 (if black) ×0.742(if female) 36. Then CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
Echocardiography
All echocardiographic tests were performed on each subject with a commercially available machine (Fair Medical Company Ltd, Matsudo, Japan) using a 2.5 Hz transducer. The overall single-dimensional left ventricular measurements and the two-dimensional views were obtained according to the American Society of Echocardiography standard [18, 19]. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated as follows [20]: LVM = 1.04×0.8×{(VSTd × LVIDd × PWTd) 3-(LVIDd) 3} +0.6, where IVSd is diastolic interventricular septum, LVDd is diastolic left ventricular dimension, and PWTd is diastolic posterior wall thickness. The left ventricle mass index (LVMI) was computed as = LVM/BSA (Body Surface Area, BSA). LVH was defined as: LVMI ≥ 125 g/m2 for men and ≥ 110 g/m2 for women [21].
Statistical analysis
The study patients were divided into an LVH group (n = 206) and a non-LVH group (138). Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables and as percentages for qualitative variables. Whether a continuous variable was in normal distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov—Smirnov test. Differences between groups were tested by Student t-test for continuous variables and by Chi-square test for categorical variables. Correlations between LVMI and other variables were calculated by Pearson’s or Spearman’s test as appropriate. The significant determinants for LVMI were detected with stepwise multiple linear regression, and the odds ratios (ORs) of independent variables were computed with stepwise multiple logistic regression. Collinear diagnostics within variables was applied before the regression modeling. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc, USA) with the significance level at P<0.05.
Results
General information of the subjects
Table 1 summarizes the demographic and clinical data of the two groups. The average ages of the two groups are 47.8±7.9 and 47.2±7.6 years old, respectively (P = 0.481). The sex ratios are not significantly different between groups. Total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin levels are both significantly lower in the LVH group than in the non-LVH group. Besides, the LVH group tends to be smokers and have higher SBP, DBP, glucose level, serum creatinine, uric acid, metabolic components, and RDW. Echocardiography shows that many indicators from the LVH group are significantly higher compared the non-LVH group. Other variables are all not different between the two groups (Table 1).
Univariate analyses
In the whole study population, total bilirubin (Fig 1) and indirect bilirubin levels (Fig 2) are negatively associated with LVMI. Sex, smoking status, SBP, glucose, serum creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and RDW are positively associated with LVMI. The association between LVMI and any of other variables is not significant (Table 2).
Multiple linear regression analysis
To test whether the relation between total bilirubin level and LVMI was confounded by other factors, we conducted the multiple linear regression by considering a set of potential variables. The results suggest that total bilirubin (B = -0.017, P = 0.008) is negatively associated with LVMI, independent of age, sex, BMI, smoking status, creatinine, fasting glucose, eGFR, hsCRP, TG, HDL-cholesterol, TC, LDL-cholesterol, metabolic, alanine aminotranferease (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), WBC count, Plt count, RBC count, Hb, and Plt count. Table 3 shows the results of multiple linear regression performed to assess the independent predictors of LVMI.
Multiple logistic regression analysis
In a stepwise multiple logistic regression model, LVH was defined as the dependent variable and other factors with LVH as covariates. The results show that total bilirubin [OR = 0.91, 95%CI (confidence interval): 0.85–0.97] is an independent protective factor of LVH. Other factors including smoking status (OR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.66–7.00), serum acid (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00–1.02), and SBP (OR = 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01–1.06) (Table 4).
Discussion
The main findings of the present study are that total serum bilirubin level is negatively associated with LVMI and serves as a protective factor of LVH in hypertensive patients without receiving any drug treatment, regardless of potential confounding factors. The same protective effect of bilirubin on LVH was observed in a hypertensive rat model [22]. In a recent report involving 114 consecutive hypertensive patients, bilirubin level is positively related with LVMI and LVH [23], which is totally different from our results. Compared with their study, our findings have several strengths that need to be addressed. On one hand, the present study involves a sample size three times larger than theirs (344 vs. 114). Moreover, their logistic regression results show quite a wide CI (1.035–12.846). The small sample size is likely to induce larger sampling error, which reduces the precision of the results. On the other hand, hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded from our study. About 10.5% of the study population had diabetes mellitus, and most of them tended to be obesity (BMI: 31.7±5.3), which may have modest effect on our results. Thus, we extended the previous findings using a larger sample size and established that reduction in bilirubin levels may precede the development of LVH in untreated hypertensive patients.
As a major product of heme metabolism in the vessels, serum bilirubin could be poisonous for infants under excessive condition [24], but a potential antioxidant material can provide profitable protection against CVDs [25]. Actually, many epidemiologic studies demonstrate that higher serum bilirubin level is a protective factor of CVDs. As reported, serum bilirubin level is independently and negatively associated with the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis in both males and females [26]. The causal risk reduction for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was estimated to be 42%, which was comparable to the observational estimate [27]. This result provides strong evidence that the elevated bilirubin level is significantly associated with the reduced risk of T2DM and supports its role as a protective determinant. A prospective large-scale and community-based cohort with 8593 Korean patients shows that lower bilirubin level is an risk factor of coronary artery disease [adjusted hazard ratio:1.89 [28]. Our results support the current opinion. The exact mechanism about the association between serum bilirubin level and LVH remains unclear, but there are several possible reasons. First, bilirubin is an antioxidant, which has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo [29, 30]. Human trials also suggest that bilirubin level is positively related with the total antioxidant capacity [31]. It is generally suggested that oxidative reactions are involved in the pathophysiology of CVDs [32]. Bilirubin can suppress the oxidative modification of LDL-lipoprotein, an important part of the development of atherosclerosis. Second, serum bilirubin may be associated with LVH through the close relation with regular risk factors. It is suggested that high bilirubin levels are negatively associated with the presence of obesity, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Finally, the anti-inflammatory function of bilirubin can partly explain why bilirubin level is lower in the LVH group. Animal experiments prove that the intake of bilirubin can affect the expressions of cell adhesion molecules [33]. Besides, an epidemiological study also reveals the inverse relation between bilirubin and hs-CRP [34]. Nevertheless, further studies are needed.
The present study has several limitations. First and most importantly, the nature of cross-sectional design does not allow us to confirm the cause-and-effect relation. Actually, the serum bilirubin level is very valuable as a reference in clinic, no matter the lower serum bilirubin is a cause or effect of LVH. After all, the serum bilirubin level could be thought as a relative index to LVH. Second, some inflammation markers (interleukin-6 and -10) were not reported. Bilirubin without other clinical index may not provide enough information for clinicians. Third, it should be noted that our findings are based on the selected Asian population with moderate primary hypertension. Patients with CKD or cardiovascular diseases were excluded from this study. Therefore, the extrapolation to other populations will be limited. Nevertheless, this point makes our results independent from some confounders. Finally, although our results prove an inverse association different from previous research, the specific mechanism cannot be illustrated clearly. Therefore, further studies regarding the role of serum bilirubin on the development of LVH are needed.
In conclusion, total serum bilirubin level is inversely associated with the development of LVH in the untreated hypertensive patients after adjustment of some potential confounders. Thus, as a routine quick laboratory examination index, serum bilirubin level may be treated as a novel marker for evaluation of target organ damage risk (especially LVH) in hypertensive patients. Subsequent studies should focus on the exact biological mechanism.
Acknowledgments
We thank all our colleagues working in the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of public health of Southern Medical University.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LZL. Performed the experiments: TZ. Analyzed the data: ZZL XFC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZZL. Wrote the paper: TZ XFC.
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