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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Association of INSIG2 Polymorphism with Overweight and LDL in Children

  • Anne-Marie Kaulfers ,

    akaulfers@health.southalabama.edu

    Affiliation Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America

    ⨯
  • Ranjan Deka,

    Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

    ⨯
  • Lawrence Dolan,

    Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

    ⨯
  • Lisa J. Martin

    Affiliation Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

    ⨯

Abstract

Background

Dyslipidemia and overweight are common issues in children. Identifying genetic markers of risk could lead to targeted interventions. A polymorphism of SNP rs7566605 near insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) has been identified as a strong candidate gene for obesity, through its feedback control of lipid synthesis.

Objective

To identify polymorphisms in INSIG2 which are associated with overweight (BMI ≥ 85% for age) and dyslipidemia in children. Hypothesis: The C allele of rs7566605 would be significantly associated with BMI and LDL.

Design/Methods

We genotyped 15 SNPs in/near INSIG2 in 1,058 healthy children (53% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 37% overweight) participating in a school based study. Genotype was compared with BMI and lipid markers, adjusting for age, gender, and puberty.

Results

We found a significant association between the SNP rs12464355 and LDL in NHW children, p < 0.001. The G allele is protective (lower LDL). A different SNP was associated with overweight in NHW: rs17047757. SNP rs7566605 was not associated with overweight or lipid levels.

Conclusions

We identified novel genetic associations between INSIG2 and both overweight and LDL in NHW children. Polymorphisms in INSIG2 may be important in the development of obesity through its effects on lipid regulation.

Citation: Kaulfers A-M, Deka R, Dolan L, Martin LJ (2015) Association of INSIG2 Polymorphism with Overweight and LDL in Children. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340

Academic Editor: Joseph Devaney, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, UNITED STATES

Received: March 18, 2014; Accepted: December 8, 2014; Published: January 21, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Kaulfers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This project was supported by National Institute of Health (NIH) Grant DK59183 and by an Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award, NIH/NCRR Grant Number 1UL1RR026314-01; www.nih.gov. LD received the funding. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidity[1] and results in premature mortality[2]. The frequency of pediatric overweight, or body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile for age[3], is now at 32%, making it a major public health concern. Despite studies demonstrating that genetics plays a significant role in obesity (heritability estimates of 30–70%) [4], there are still many questions regarding which genes contribute to obesity. Understanding the genetics of obesity is a key step in establishing mechanisms for the development of obesity and targeted strategies for primary and secondary prevention of overweight and obesity in children.

Due to the ability of the Insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) to regulate adipogenesis and lipid storage [5], INSIG2 is a strong candidate gene for obesity. INSIG2 is involved in feedback control of lipid synthesis. When sterols are present in the cell, INSIG2 blocks further cholesterol synthesis [6]. Engelking et al [7] showed that INSIG2 knockout mice weighed more than controls and the mice had a higher accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver. Krapivner et al [8] showed that INSIG2 is also expressed in adipocytes, and this expression is enhanced during adipocyte regulation. These authors postulate that changes in adipocyte metabolism, due to functional polymorphisms in the INSIG2 gene, can lead to changes in BMI.

Several studies have shown a significant association between INSIG2 variant rs7566605 and obesity or BMI [4,9,10,11,12]. However, many other studies have failed to show association between rs7566605 and obesity phenotypes [8,13–29]. As obesity often co-occurs with dyslipidemia, other studies have examined the association with rs7566605 and one or more lipid markers (cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, and/or high-density lipoproteins (HDL), with conflicting results [12,13,14,22,24,26,27,30,31]. This suggests that rs7566605 is not the causal variant; rather, another genetic variation in this region may be playing a role in development of obesity and/or dyslipidemia. However, few studies have examined genetic variation in the INSIG2 gene more thoroughly, except genome wide association studies which due to the large sample sizes require large heterogeneous cohorts[4]. Given the heterogeneity of the results thus far, it is important to thoroughly study INSIG2 genetic variation in homogenous cohorts.

We had the unique opportunity to analyze genetic variation in INSIG2 in a large school based cohort. By focusing on adolescents from a single school district in Ohio, the heterogeneity which many genetic studies face is minimized. We genotyped 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs7566605, 13 tagging SNPs in INSIG2, and rs17047764, located downstream of INSIG2. Our hypothesis was that genetic variation in INSIG2 would be significantly associated with overweight and lipid measures.

Methods and Procedures

Population

In this study, we randomly selected 1,058 of the 2,501 students participating in the Princeton School District Study[32], a prospective school-based study of 5th through 12th graders on carbohydrate metabolism, in an urban-suburban school district. The children ranged in age from 10–18 years old and were unrelated. The students we selected (our cohort) had complete data and did not report mixed and/or Hispanic ethnicity. Race and ethnicity was self-reported. Population stratification was not done because this was a candidate gene study and we did not have access to ancestry informative markers. In the Cincinnati area, we have found that self-reported race and ethnicity aligns well with genetic continental ancestry (> 99% concordance). Children were excluded if they had a chronic disease, were taking medication known to affect carbohydrate metabolism, or were pregnant. At the study visit, parents completed a medical history including medication, chronic disease, and history of menarche for girls, and blood was taken by venipuncture after an overnight 10 hour fast. Written informed consent was obtained from all of the parents/guardians, with written assent obtained from all participants. This study was approved by the institutional review boards of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati.

Anthropometric measures/calculated variables

Height and weight measurements, along with determination of pubertal status, were done with standard procedures and equipment as previously described [32]. BMI was calculated (weight (kg)/height (m)2). BMI percentiles for age and sex were determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts (www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/growthcharts/sas.htm). Lean (< 85th BMI %) and overweight (≥85th BMI %) categories of adolescents were defined, consistent with the classification of overweight in children[3].

Genotyping

We genotyped 15 SNPs: 13 tagging SNPs within INSIG2, and SNP rs7566605 (located 10 kb upstream from the transcription start site of INSIG2), and rs17047764 (located downstream from INSIG2). These tagging SNPs were identified using the method of Carlson et al [33] and based on pair-wise r-square (>0.8). These SNPs covered both non-Hispanic white (NHW) and African American (AA) populations.

Blood samples were stored on wet ice immediately after collection, and buffy coats were stored at −80 degrees C until processing. DNA was extracted using Gentra Puregene kits. Genotyping was performed using the SNPlex TM platform (Applied Biosystems), which is based on multiple oligonucleotide ligation/polymerase chain reaction assay with a universal ZipChute TM probe detection from high-throughput multiplexed SNP genotyping. Details of the SNPlex protocol were described previously[34]. To assure genotypic quality, negative controls and blind duplicate samples were introduced in each batch of samples in the 96-well format.

Statistical Analysis

Analysis was conducted using JMP 7.0. Continuous variables were analyzed for normality. SNPs which deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were excluded from the analysis. All genetic analyses were conducted in non-Hispanic whites and African Americans separately. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) among SNPs was calculated using r2 from JMP. SNP associations assumed an additive effect and were tested using regression (logistic for overweight, and linear for LDL, cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides). Covariates included age, sex, and puberty stage. Lipid measures were ln transformed and back converted for figures.

To minimize false positive findings due to multiple testing, we accounted for four outcomes: LDL and cholesterol (considered as a single outcome), Overweight, HDL, and Triglycerides. We applied Bonferroni correction to the SNPs which entered the final analysis. Thus for whites, the significance threshold is 0.0013 (0.05/(4 phenotypes * 10 SNPs); for blacks, the significance threshold is 0.001 (0.05/(4 phenotypes * 13 SNPs). However, as we sought to replicate previous reports, nominally significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) were also reported.

Results

Characteristics of the Study Population

Participant characteristics are listed in Table 1. Thirty-seven percent were overweight (≥85th BMI %) and sixty-three percent were lean. The African American and non-Hispanic white populations were similar in age, sex, and pubertal status. Of the overweight cohort, forty-four percent were non-Hispanic white.

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Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.t001

Genotype exclusions

Genotype calling failed in one SNP, rs10490624, and was excluded from the analysis. In whites, three SNPs, rs13003121, rs2161829, and rs11889497, were not in HWE (p < 0.01), and thus were excluded from the analysis. In African Americans, rs2161829 was not in HWE (p < 0.01), and thus was excluded from analysis. The SNPs included in the analysis, including minor allele frequency (MAF) for both non-Hispanic whites and African Americans, are listed in Tables 2 and 3. The average MAF was 0.22.

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Table 2. Associations of the variants of the INSIG2 gene with Overweight and LDL in Non-Hispanic White children.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.t002

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Table 3. Associations of the variants of the INSIG2 gene with Overweight and LDL in African-American children.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.t003

SNP of INSIG2 associated with overweight

Results of association testing between INSIG2 SNPs and overweight (p-values and beta estimates) are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for whites and blacks respectively. We did not find an association between overweight and rs7566605, but we did find a nominally significant association with overweight and rs17047757 in NHW children (p = 0.043). The G allele of rs17047757 has an odds ratio of 1.5 for overweight in children, (95% confidence interval 1.01–2.32). This SNP is in LD with rs7566605, r2 of 0.20. LD plot for whites is shown in Fig. 1. No significant associations were identified in the African American cohort (Table 3) even though the LD structure (Fig. 2) was markedly similar to whites.

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Figure 1. Linkage disequilibrium as measured by r2 across INSIG2 in Non-Hispanic Whites.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.g001

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Figure 2. Linkage disequilibrium as measured by r2 across INSIG2 in African-Americans.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.g002

SNP of INSIG2 associated with LDL

We also found a strong significant association between rs12464355 and LDL in NHW children, p < 0.001 (Table 2). The minor allele, G, is protective, as shown in Fig. 3. Patients with AG or GG had lower LDL levels. We found no association with rs7566605 and cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, or HDL (p > 0.15). In African Americans, no significant associations were detected (Table 3).

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Figure 3. G allele of SNP rs12464355 in the INSIG2 gene is associated with lower LDL levels, p< 0.001 in Non-Hispanic Whites.

Least Square Adjusted Mean of LDL (mg/dl) is shown. Predicted values are given from a multiple regression analysis, adjusting for age, gender, and pubertal stage. LDL levels were ln transformed and back converted.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116340.g003

Discussion

In this study, we confirmed that genetic variation in INSIG2 is associated with both overweight and LDL in NHW children. Although we failed to find these associations with the SNP rs7566605, we identified a novel genetic association between SNP rs17047757 and overweight. In addition, we identified a novel, protective genetic association between SNP rs12464355 and LDL. These data support the concept that polymorphisms in INSIG2 appear to be important in the development of obesity through its effects on lipid regulation, but perhaps not through the previously associated variant.

Previous studies have found possible associations between INSIG2 polymorphisms and lipid synthesis. Tiwari et al observed a non-significant trend in the C allele of rs7566605 and antipsychotic medication induced weight gain. Similarly, Le Hellard et al reported a strong association of three SNPs located within or near the INSIG2 gene (rs17587100, rs10490624, and rs17047764) with antipsychotic medication-related weight gain. In contrast, Oki et al reported a positive association between the C allele of SNP rs7566605 and lower cholesterol in Japanese-American females, which suggests that this SNP may be protective when exposed to a high fat diet [22].

Our study also found a protective effect on LDL (those with the minor allele, G, of SNP rs12464355 had lower levels). This finding replicates a previous report of an association between rs12464355 and LDL[35]). Our failure to identify association between SNP rs7566605 and lipid levels is consistent with previous studies [12,13,14,24,26,27].

We also identified a polymorphism of the INSIG2 gene with overweight in children, but it is a different SNP than those identified by previous studies. Herbert et al[4] published the first study to implicate the C allele of the SNP rs7566605 in association with BMI. They found this strong association in a large genome-wide association study, and replicated the findings in 4 other separate populations. Since then, several other studies have also found a significant association with rs7566605 and obesity or BMI[9,10,11,12], but some did not[8,13–29], including this study.

The discordance between our data and previous studies suggest that another genetic variation of INSIG2 may be important in adiposity. The SNP rs7566605 may not be the causative SNP for adiposity, but may be in linkage disequilibrium with the causative SNP. Our study is one of the first to look at other tagging SNPs, and our novel association is in LD with rs7566605.

Other studies support this idea that the causative SNP may be in LD with rs7566605. Krapivner et al[8] found that the G allele of the −102G/A promoter in INSIG2 is significantly associated with BMI, and may be the functional polymorphism. Ciullo et al [15] did not find an association between rs7566605 and BMI or obesity, but they detected a locus on chromosome 2q14.3 that displayed linkage with BMI and obesity in both populations. This locus contains the rs7566605 SNP.

A limitation to our study is that, although our sample size was large, it may not have been large enough to detect an influence of rs7566605 on overweight in children. However, our population is unique in that we were able to study children from one geographic region, who were all in the same school district, which reduces the degree of heterogeneity. One variable that limits our ability to compare our study to others is the variability in phenotypic definition. Some studies looked at overweight versus lean, and others did not.

Conclusion

We identified a novel SNP in the INSIG2 gene that is associated with overweight in NHW children, rs17047757, and one SNP that is associated with LDL in NHW children, rs12464355. We did not find an association with overweight or lipid profiles in children and rs7566605. These data suggest that polymorphisms in INSIG2 may be important in the development of obesity through its effects on lipid regulation.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AK RD LD LM. Performed the experiments: AK RD. Analyzed the data: AK LD LM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AK RD LM. Wrote the paper: AK RD LD LM.

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