Figures
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii causes congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns resulting with fetal anomalies. Determining the initiation time of infection is very important for pregnant women and current serological assays have drawbacks in distinguishing the recently acute toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis of recently acute infection may be improved by using stage specific antigens in serological assays. In the present study, the diagnostic value of sporozoite specific SporoSAG, bradyzoite specific BAG1 proteins and GRA1 protein expressed by all forms of the parasite have been evaluated ELISA using sera systematically collected from mice administered orally with tissue cyst and oocysts. The anti-SporoSAG IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 1, 10, and 15 (P<0.01). The anti-BAG1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly at days 15, 40, and 120 (P<0.05). The anti-GRA1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 2, 10, and 40 (P<0.01). The anti-GRA1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly only at day 40 (P<0.05). The anti-SporoSAG, anti-BAG1, and anti-GRA1 IgG titers of mice showed significant increases at day 40 (P<0.05) and decrement started for only anti-GRA1 IgG at day 120. The presence of anti-SporoSAG IgM and IgG antibodies can be interpreted as recently acute infection between days 10–40 because IgM decreases at day 40. Similarly, presence of anti-BAG1 IgM and absence of IgG can be evaluated as a recently acute infection that occurred 40 days before because IgG peaks at day 40. A peak in anti-GRA1 antibody level at first testing and reduction in consecutive sample can be considered as an infection approximately around day 40 or prior. Overall, recombinant SporoSAG, BAG1 and GRA1 proteins can be accepted as valuable diagnostic markers of recently acute toxoplasmosis.
Citation: Döşkaya M, Caner A, Can H, Gülçe İz S, Gedik Y, Döşkaya AD, et al. (2014) Diagnostic Value of a Rec-ELISA Using Toxoplasma gondii Recombinant SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 Proteins in Murine Models Infected Orally with Tissue Cysts and Oocysts. PLoS ONE 9(9): e108329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108329
Editor: Juan Carlos Pizarro, Tulane University, United States of America
Received: March 15, 2014; Accepted: July 7, 2014; Published: September 30, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Döşkaya et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. ELISA OD values and related P values are available at Figshare: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1142266.
Funding: This study was supported partly by the grants given by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (107S359) and the Scientific Research Projects Branch Directorate of Ege University (2007TIP015) to Yüksel Gürüz. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Toxoplasma gondii is a medically important parasite that causes congenital toxoplasmosis which manifests as birth defects in unborn children when a seronegative mother is infected during pregnancy [1], [2]. There is not any drug that can affect all the clinical presentations of the illness and the present drugs have teratogenic side effects. Thus, definitive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has utmost importance for pregnant women. The common approach for diagnosing toxoplasmosis is by serological assays mainly using T. gondii tachyzoite lysate antigen. Determining the initiation time of infection that may have occurred in previous 3–4 months (i.e. recently acute infection) is very important for pregnant women who have not been screened for toxoplasmosis before pregnancy. The results of several serological assays are being evaluated together to resolve this issue. However, current commercial or in house serological kits still present drawbacks in determining the initiation time of infection.
After 1990s, recombinant protein using ELISA (Rec-ELISA) methods have been developed to diagnose recently acute toxoplasmosis. These studies addressed diagnostic properties of several randomly selected antigenic proteins from surface related proteins (SRS family) as well as rhopty, dense granule, microneme proteins and others [3]–[25]. These studies used well characterized human serum samples but estimation the exact initiation time of infection was not as successful as required.
Diagnosis of recently acute infection may be improved by using stage specific antigens as well as thoroughly collected serum samples such as sera obtained from the systematic follow-up of seroconverted pregnant women in these Rec-ELISAs. Another solution to preliminary validation of these Rec-ELISAs may be the utilization of systematically collected sera obtained from experimentally infected animals. Moreover, antigens specific to sporozoite and bradyzoite forms of the parasite can be used to predict the initiation time of infection since these antigens are no longer expressed by the parasite during tachyzoite form and follow-up of the increment and decrement of antibodies specific to these antigens can point the stage of infection.
Thus, in the present study, “SporoSAG” protein expressed on the surface of sporozoites and “BAG1” protein expressed by bradyzoites were selected as antigens to be used in Rec-ELISAs. In addition, a previously used marker “GRA1” protein expressed by sporozoites, tachyzoites as well as early stage bradyzoites [26]–[34] was also included to the study to compare our results with previous studies and validate the quality of infected animal sera.
Regarding the systematically collected animal sera, two groups of Swiss outbred mice were administered orally with fresh sporulated oocysts (contains sporozoites) and tissue cyst to mimic natural route of infection. Serum samples were collected from each mouse prior to infection (day 0) and 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 40, and 120 days after infection. Thereafter, the kinetics of the specific antibodies against SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 protein, , were followed up by Rec-ELISAs.
Materials and Methods
1. Ethics Statement
All experiments were performed under the instructions and approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Ege University for animal ethical norms (Permit number: 2009–155). Animals were housed under standard and suitable conditions. 6–8 week old female Swiss outbred mice were obtained from the Bornova Veterinary Control Institute Animal Production Facility and used during the experiments. To obtain oocysts, recently weaned approximately 3–4 months old kitten was used. The owner of the cat gave permission to be used in the study. The feces of the cat were examined for the presence of oocysts before the experiments, using sucrose flotation technique as described [35].
2. Obtaining tissue cysts and oocyts
T. gondii PRU strain tissue cysts obtained from mouse brain were fed to cat as described [35]. After feeding the cat, the feces were collected every day and oocysts were purified as described [35]–[37]. Briefly, collected feces (∼10 gr) were added to 50 ml tubes, filled with tap water and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. Then, tap water was discarded and softened feces was added slowly to approximately 50 ml sucrose solution (53 gr sucrose, 100 ml water, 0,8 ml liquid phenol) and emulsified. Next, the mixture was filtered through two layers of gauze and centrifuged at 400×g for 10 minutes. Thereafter, 0,5 ml supernatant from the top of each tube was collected and mixed with 4,5 ml 2% H2SO4. The oocysts were incubated at room temperature for 3–5 days. As the oocysts sporulated, 3 ml 1 N NaOH was added.
To purify the oocysts, 4 ml 2.2 M sucrose solution was mixed to each tube. Then, 5 ml distilled H2O was slowly added on top of mixture and centrifuged at 1200×g for 20 minutes. Supernatant was collected without touching the sucrose solution. Thereafter, 4 ml 2.2 M sucrose solution was mixed to the supernatant and 5 ml distilled H2O was slowly added on top of mixture. After centrifugation at 1200×g for 20 minutes, supernatant was collected and filled up to 50 ml with distilled water. The mixture was centrifuged at 2000×g for 10 minutes and 1–2 ml supernatant collected from the top of the tube was mixed with equal amount of 0,9 % NaCl. The resulting purified oocysts were immediately used to infect mice.
3. Infection and collection of mouse sera
Two groups (each contains 6 animals) of Swiss mice were administered with fresh 8–10 sporulated oocysts and 10–15 tissue cysts orally using a stainless steel curved feeding needle (Harvard Apparatus) to mimic natural route of infection. Serum samples were collected from each anesthetized mouse prior to infection (Day 0) and 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 40, and 120 days after infection. At the end of day 120, mice brains were homogenized in approximately 2 ml sterile 0,9 % NaCl containing Penicillin (10 U/ml), Streptomycin (10 µg/ml) and Gentamicin (2 µg/ml) using an injector with 20G 1″ (0,9×25 mm) needle. Thereafter, the tissue cysts were counted under phase contrast microscopy.
4. Cloning of SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 genes into bacterial expression vector
T7 promoter containing pET28a expression vector (10 µg; 5.3 kb; kanamycin resistant; Novagen, USA) was linearized by BamHI as described [38]. The following primers were designed to generate a linear acceptor vector with sequences suitable for cloning by homologous recombination, 5′-GTCGACAAGCTTGCGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCAC-3′ (forward primer, 33 nt) and 5′-CAGCAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCGAATTCGAGCTC-3′ (reverse primer, 33 nt). The linear acceptor vector was amplified as described [38]. The resulting linear pET28a vector was used during in vivo recombination cloning.
4.1. PCR amplification of SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 genes.
The SporoSAG (GENBANK database accession number AY492338), BAG1 (GENBANK database accession number X82213), and GRA1 from amino acid positions 25–190, excluding the signal peptide (GENBANK database accession number M26007) were isolated from T. gondii genomic DNA with primers designed to incorporate adapter termini into the PCR product to facilitate directional cloning by homologous recombination (‘HiRec’) into the pET28a vector. The primers for SporoSAG gene were 5’-CAGCAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCGAATTCGAGCTCTCGCTTCTTAGCCGAGTAGC-3′ (forward primer, 53 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined) 3′-CAGGGTTGGTGTACATGGCTGTCGACAAGCTTGCGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCAC-5′ (reverse primer, 53 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined). The primers for BAG1 were 5′-CAGCAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCGAATTCGAGCTCTCGCTTCTTAGCCGAGTAGC-3′ (forward primer, 53 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined) 5′-CAGGGTTGGTGTACATGGCTGTCGACAAGCTTGCGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCAC-3′ (reverse primer, 53 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined). The primers for GRA1 were 5′-CAGCAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCGAATTCGAGCTCATGGCCGAAGGCGGCGACAACCA-3′ (forward primer, 56 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined) 5′-TCCTAACAGGAGAGAGAGAGGTCGACAAGCTTGCGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCAC-3′ (reverse primer, 53 nt; overlapping sequences, underlined).
SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 genes were isolated from genomic DNA (1–10 ng) using the designed primers (0.5 µM each), 2U of Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas, USA), 150 µM dNTPs and 1×Taq DNA polymerase reaction buffer with the following calculated PCR protocol; 5 min initial denaturation step at 95°C, followed by 30 cycles of 0.5 min at 95°C, 0.5 min at 50°C, and 3.5 min at 72°C, and a final extension of 10 min at 72°C. The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified using a PCR purification kit (Qiagen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and quantitated by spectrophotometry.
4.2. In vivo recombination cloning method.
In vivo recombination cloning was performed as described [38]. Briefly, linear pET28a vector, purified PCR product and DH5α cells (Invitrogen, USA) were mixed and heat shocked. Plasmids from overnight culture were purified using plasmid purification kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen), visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced. The resulting plasmids containing SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 genes were named pET28a/SporoSAG, pET28a/BAG1, and pET28a/GRA1, respectively.
5. Protein expression and purification
E. coli BL21 (DE3) chemically competent cells (Invitrogen) were transformed with pET28a/SporoSAG, pET28a/BAG1, and pET28a/GRA1 plasmids, and grown in 1 liter LB supplemented with 50 µg/ml kanamycin and 50 µg/ml chloramphenicol with vigorous shaking at 37°C up to an optical density of 0.4, calculated at 600 nm. Then, the cells were induced with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.5 mM with vigorous shaking at 37°C for 4 hours. The cells were centrifuged at 5000×g and the pellet was resuspended with prechilled loading buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH: 7.5, 0.3 M NaCl). Next, the cells were disrupted with an M-110L microfluidizer processor (Microfluidics, USA) at low temperature under internal pressure of 18000 psi. The processed sample was centrifuged at 30000×g for ½ hours at 4°C and clarified supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 µm filter (Corning, USA).
Purification of the protein was performed by ÄKTA FPLC, a liquid chromatography system, which is controlled by UNICORN software, using a 5 ml HiTrap Chelating HP column (GE Health, USA). Clarified filtered supernatant was applied to the HiTrap column with loading buffer. Then, the column was washed with 150 mM imidazole containing 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.3 M NaCl buffer. The recombinant proteins were eluted by raising the imidazole concentration to 300 mM. The protein picks were detected by UV280, shown on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and fractions were concentrated with a Vivaspin filter unit (Sartorius, Germany) at 4°C. The recombinant proteins were further purified with a Superdex 200 gel filtration column (GE Health, USA). Thereafter, the protein picks detected by UV280 were concentrated and quantitated by Bradford method using Comassie blue protein assay reagent (Pierce, USA) and spectrophotometry. Serially diluted serum bovine albumin (BSA) was used as the reference. Resulting recombinant proteins were named as rSporoSAG, rBAG1, and rGRA1.
6. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting
Purified recombinant proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) transfer membrane (Immobilon-P, Millipore, USA) and blocked by 0.25% casein containing 1xTBS-T buffer (Tris buffered saline containing Tween 20; 20 mM Tris-Cl pH: 7.8, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% Tween 20) for 30 minutes. The membranes were probed with a 1∶50 dilution of monoclonal anti-polyhistidine antibody (Sigma, Germany) for 1.5 hours. Next, the membranes were washed thrice with 1xTBS-T and probed with a 1∶2500 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) antibody (Sigma) in 1xTBS. Thereafter, the membranes were washed thrice with 1xTBS-T and 1xTBS and the blot was developed in diethanolamine buffer (10% Diethanolamine, 0.5 mM MgCl2•6H2O, pH: 9.8) containing 4.3% 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (diluted in dimethylacetamide), 4.1% Nitro-BT (diluted in 70% (v/v) dimethylformamide) (Applichem, Germany).
7. Rec-ELISA
Each well of nickel chelated plates (Nunc, USA) were washed thrice with 300 µl PBS-T [PBS (pH 7.3) containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20] and coated overnight at 4°C with 100 µl purified recombinant protein (concentration of each recombinant protein was 5 µg/ml) diluted in 0.01 M KCl. Next day, plates were washed and blocked (5% nonfat dry milk containing 0.05% PBS-T) for 30 min. Meanwhile, 1/50 and 1/100 dilutions (for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively) of mice sera were incubated in blocking buffer supplemented with E. coli lysate at a final concentration of 10 mg/ml protein to block anti-E. coli antibodies, for 30 minutes. Then, the plates were probed with blocked sera in duplicate for 2 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were washed and probed with peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgM (1∶2500; Santa-Cruz, USA) and IgG (1∶5000; Sigma) diluted in PBS-T for 1 hour at 37°C. Next, plates were washed and bound antibodies were visualized after adding 3, 3′, 5, 5′ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate. Reaction was stopped by adding 75 µl of 2 N sulfuric acid and the results were evaluated in a micro titer plate reader (Bio-Tek ELx808, USA) at 450 nm.
Negative control serum samples are the “day 0” serum samples of mice. When antibody response against BAG1 protein is evaluated, “day 0” sera obtained from tissue cyst infected mice are used. Similarly, “day 0” sera obtained from oocyst infected mice were used as negative control in SporoSAG using Rec-ELISA. In Rec-ELISAs using GRA1, “day 0” sera obtained from both oocyst and tissue cyst infected mice. Samples were considered positive if the absorbance value (AV) of the serum sample exceeded the mean AV+2 S.D. of the negative control serum samples ( = cut-off level).
Each plate contained anti-polyhistidine antibody (1∶2500, Sigma) probed control wells to determine the presence of His-tagged protein.
Rec-ELISAs, detecting the presence of anti-SporoSAG, anti-BAG1, and anti-GRA1 IgM/IgG antibodies were probed with sera obtained from mice infected orally with fresh oocysts or tissue cysts. As the SporoSAG protein is specific to sporozoite form of the parasite, rSporoSAG-ELISA was probed with mice sera infected with oocysts. Similarly, BAG1 is specific to bradyzoite form of the parasite and rBAG1-ELISA was probed with mice sera infected with tissue cysts. GRA1 is expressed by both form of the parasite and rGRA1-ELISA was probed with mice sera infected with oocysts and tissue cysts. As control, rSporoSAG and rBAG1 coated plates were probed with pooled sera obtained from mice infected orally with tissue cysts and oocysts, respectively.
8. Statistical analysis
Data obtained during the study were processed using Prism 3.03 (GraphPad, USA). A two-tailed unpaired t test with 95% confidence interval was used to determine the significance between the results of assays. Absorbance values observed from the Rec-ELISA were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (S.D.).
Results
1. Protein expression and purification
The expression of rSporoSAG, rBAG1, and rGRA1 were induced by 0.5 mM IPTG when the cells grow to an optical density of 0.4 at 600 nm. The cells were harvested after 4 hours, lysed and recombinant proteins were purified by Ni+2 chelating column and polished using gel filtration column. The purity of protein product was determined by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1A) and Western blot using anti-polyhistidine antibody (Figure 1B). The purified rGRA1, rBAG1, and rSporoSAG expressed from their ORFs’ (GRA1 ORF 663 bp, BAG1 ORF: 846 bp, and SporoSAG ORF: 1035 bp) have calculated molecular masses of 36.06 kDa, 30.71 kDa, and 23.78 kDa, respectively.
Ladder is from Fermentas.
2. Rec-ELISA
During Rec-ELISA, anti-SporoSAG, anti-BAG1, and anti-GRA1 specific IgM and IgG antibody kinetics were analyzed in sera obtained from two groups of mice administered orally with oocysts and tissue cysts. Serum samples were collected from each mouse prior to infection (Day 0) and 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 40, and 120 days after infection. At the end of day 120, the presence of tissue cysts were confirmed by microscopy in each mice brain indicative of chronic toxoplasmosis.
2.1. IgM kinetics.
The anti-SporoSAG IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 1, 10, and 15 compared to day 0 (P<0.01) (Figure 2A). After day 1, a decrement is observed and continued until day 6 however increment started afterwards. Thereafter, IgM antibody level dramatically decreased at day 40 sera (Figure 2A).
Anti-SporoSAG IgM (A) and IgG (B) responses of mice infected with oocysts. Anti-BAG1 IgM (C) and IgG (D) responses of mice infected with tissue cysts. Anti-GRA IgM (D) and IgG (E) responses of mice infected with oocysts and tissue cysts. Significant increase or decrease in the mean AV is represented by (*), (**), and (***) for P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001 respectively. Each mean AV is derived from sera of 6 mice. Sera have been collected from each mouse prior to infection and 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 40, and 120 days after infection.
The anti-BAG1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly at days 15, 40, and 120 compared to day 0 (P<0.05) (Figure 2C). After day 10, an increment started and continued until day 40. Thereafter, IgM antibody level has almost reached a plateau at day 120 indicative of antibody decrease in the forthcoming days (Figure 2C).
The anti-GRA1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 2, 10, and 40 compared to day 0 (P<0.001). After day 2, a decrement is observed for one day however increment started afterwards until day 40 (Figure 2E). The anti-GRA1 IgM antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly only at day 40 compared to day 0 (P<0.05). The IgM levels remained at a plateau until day 10 and increment started thereafter until day 40. The IgM antibody levels of both groups decreased after day 40 (Figure 2E).
2.2. IgG kinetics.
The anti-SporoSAG IgG antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 40 and 120 compared to day 0 (P<0.001) (Figure 2B). After day 6, an increment started and continued thereafter (Figure 2B). The anti-BAG1 IgG antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly at days 40 and 120 compared to day 0 (P<0.05) (Figure 2D). After day 15, an increment started and continued thereafter (Figure 2D).
The anti-GRA1 IgG antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with oocysts peaked significantly at days 40 and 120 compared to day 0 (P<0.05) (Figure 2F). After day 10, an increment started which continued until day 40 and thereafter the IgG level did not increase, possibly reached a plateau (Figure 2F). Similarly, the anti-GRA1 IgG antibodies in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts peaked significantly at days 40 and 120 compared to day 0 (P<0.05) (Figure 2F). After day 10, an increment started which continued until day 40 and thereafter the IgG level started to decrease (Figure 2F).
Interestingly, anti-GRA1 IgG antibody levels in sera obtained from mice infected with tissue cysts decreased after day 40, similar to anti-GRA1 IgM antibodies (Figure 2E and 2F). The decrement intensity in tissue cyst infected mice was higher than oocyst infected mice in both IgM and IgG responses (Figure 2E and 2F).
The mean absorbance value of each His-tagged protein coated well which is probed with anti-polyhistidine antibody was above cut-off level. In addition, the mean absorbance values of rSporoSAG and rBAG1 coated wells which are probed with day 0 pooled sera of mice infected with tissue cysts and oocysts remained below cut-off level. Regarding the day 120 sera, the mean absorbance values of rSporoSAG coated wells probed for IgM and IgG antibody did not exceed the mean AV+2 S.D. (cut-off value) and mean AV+3 S.D. of negative control sera, respectively. The mean absorbance values of rBAG1 coated wells probed for IgM and IgG antibody did not exceed the mean AV+3 S.D. of negative control sera.
Discussion
Currently, Rec-ELISA methods using different antigenic proteins are being evaluated to diagnose recently acute toxoplasmosis. Well categorized human sera are being used to assess the diagnostic value of these markers [4]. These studies have addressed diagnostic values of several antigenic proteins from SRS family (SAG1, SAG2, SAG2A) rhopty (ROP1, ROP2) dense granules (GRA1, GRA2, GRA3, GRA4, GRA5, GRA6, GRA7, GRA8), microneme (MIC1, MIC2, MIC3, MIC4) and others M2AP, AMA1, HSP20, BAG1 (HSP30), MAG1, NTPase, P25, P35, P68 as well as a multi-epitope peptide (containing epitopes from SAG1, SAG2 and SAG3 proteins) [3]–[25].
These studies evidenced two bottlenecks, in particular, whether the selected antigens have enough specificity, and whether serum samples are collected systematically. T. gondii is acquired naturally through ingestion of tissue cysts (contains bradyzoites) or oocysts (contains sporozoites). After the ingestion of oocysts or tissue cysts, sporozoites and bradyzoites are released, invade the intestinal cells and turn in to tachyzoites in 12 and 18 hours, respectively [39], [40]. During natural course of infection, immune response forms against the antigenic proteins of sporozoites and bradyzoites initially and then to tachyzoite form. Therefore, sporozoite and bradyzoite specific immune response have importance for the diagnosis of recently acute toxoplasmosis patients. In addition, antigens expressed by all forms of the parasite can be prioritized.
In the present study, the diagnostic values of SporoSAG (sporozoite specific protein), BAG1 (bradyzoite specific protein), and GRA1 (specific for all forms of the parasite) have been evaluated. SporoSAG is from the SRS family proteins of T. gondii and has attachment function for host cell invasion. In addition, it is the most abundantly expressed protein on the infectious sporozoite surface as shown by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis conducted on oocysts/sporozoites [26]–[29]. Overall, SporoSAG protein appears to be the most convenient protein to monitor the antibody response to sporozoite originated infection.
BAG1 is a bradyzoite specific cytoplasmic antigen which has similarities to small heat shock proteins (HSPs) of plants [30]. The expression of BAG1 is upregulated in bradyzoites as shown by transcriptomic analyses [30], [31]. It has been reported that BAG1 facilitates the tissue cyst formation and takes important roles in the formation of immune response against toxoplasmosis [22], [30], [31]. These properties make BAG1 an appropriate protein to observe antibody response to tissue cyst originated infection.
GRA1 is located in the electron dense secretory organelles, which continuously release their content into the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) during the intracellular development of tachyzoites. GRA1 functions as a calcium-binding protein and is found in a soluble form in the lumen and network of the PV during invasion of the host cell [32], [33]. GRA1 has shown to be up regulated in fully sporulated oocysts [27], [34]. Although GRA1 is being expressed at the beginning of conversion from tachyzoites to bradyzoites, its expression is progressively repressed after the second day of conversion process [31]. Altogether, GRA1 seems to be an ideal protein to determine the course of antibody response to all forms of the parasite.
Secondly, the probable initiation time of toxoplasmosis in humans cannot be properly determined because the clinical symptoms appear in approximately 10% of the patients and besides symptomatic patients give subtly flu like findings. Moreover, serum samples of recently acute infected patients are not always systematically collected which makes the evaluation of these assays even more difficult. The type of human sera that can help validate these assays can be sera collected from the systematic follow-up of seroconverted pregnant women as well as outbreak originated serum samples. Unfortunately, it is hard to detect an outbreak worldwide due to covert clinical findings.
An alternative to human sera is the serum samples obtained from animals experimentally infected through natural route of infection which can validate the diagnostic value of these antigens in terms of determining the initiation time of infection. In the present study, sera obtained from a murine model infected orally (to mimic natural route of infection) with fresh oocysts and tissue cysts were used to evaluate the Rec-ELISAs.
During the course of humoral immune response, IgM antibodies, which are the most valuable markers of recently acute infection, become evident at the first days of infection. IgG antibodies persist for the lifetime of the individual while IgM antibodies rapidly increase and subsequently, decline or disappear at highly variable rates over several years [41]. Chardes et al. investigated antibody responses in serum of mice orally infected with T. gondii tissue cysts by ELISA using T. gondii tachyzoite lysate. They found that IgG antibodies against T. gondii were first detected on day 14, reached a plateau on day 28, and remained at the same level throughout the rest of the research. In contrast, the titers of IgM antibodies against T. gondii peaked on day 14 and then decreased progressively [42]. These results are comparable with antibody response to GRA1 protein induced by tissue cyst/oocyst infection in the present study.
Gatkowska et al. evaluated the usefulness of GRA1, GRA6, GRA7, p35, SAG1, SAG2, ROP2, and ROP4 using ELISA as a diagnostic marker for recently acute toxoplasmosis in sera obtained from mice inoculated intraperitoneally with T. gondii DX strain tissue cysts in two distinct studies [43], [44]. In their first study, sera were collected at days 7, 21, and 56 after infection. According to the results, GRA6, GRA7 and p35 were highly responsive during acute infection whereas strong reactivity against GRA1, SAG1 and SAG2 were observed during chronic infection. The IgM+IgG arithmetic mean of anti-GRA1 was below cut-off at day 7 of infection and above cut-off level 21 days after infection, which are comparable with the present study. The IgM+IgG response to GRA1 showed increment at day 56 of infection. In the present study, anti-GRA1 IgM and IgG titers reached to their highest levels at day 40 and then decreased at day 120 of infection (Figure 2E and 2F). The decrease in GRA1 levels after 40 days of infection may be due to low expression of GRA1 by bradyzoites during tissue cyst formation [31]. Based on these data, the anti-GRA1 levels can give an idea about the time of infection. For example, the time of infection in a patient giving a peak anti-GRA1 antibody level at first testing and reduction in consecutive sample, can be considered as approximately around day 40 or before during first testing.
The efficacy of GRA1 in detecting recently acute infection has been evaluated by human sera also [4], [13], [14], [17]. Lecordier et al. compared the anti-GRA1 IgG and anti-GRA6 IgG levels of human samples and stated that the sensitivity of GRA1 IgG ELISA was low (68%) compared to GRA6 IgG ELISA (96%). The sera used in this study were characterized based on IgG level and recently acute cases were not sorted as another group [13]. Pietkiewicz et al. evaluated the diagnostic value of GRA1 as well as GRA7 and SAG1 in recently acute sera. They stated that the least reactive recombinant protein was GRA1 (83.3%) compared to GRA7 (95.9%) and SAG1 (98.6%) [17]. The anti-GRA1 seronegative patients leading to low sensitivity may be after day 120 of the infection as shown in the present study and moreover infected with tissue cysts (the level of IgG in tissue infected mice decreases more rapidly) (Figure 2F). Ferrandiz et al. further evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of GRA1 and GRA6 in recently acute serum samples (seroconversion within 3 months) and in some follow up sera of seroconverted patients [14]. The 34% and 84% of recently acute samples reacted with GRA1 and GRA6, respectively. Among the follow up sera, three samples were non-responsive to GRA1 for 112 days and three samples started to give response at day 84. Interestingly, the remaining four samples started to give response at day 28, peaked at day 49 and thereafter progressively decreased which is very similar to the anti-GRA1 IgG titer curve observed in this study (Figure 2F). Altogether, GRA1 appears to be a good marker as T. gondii lysate antigen to monitor the acute and chronic phases of infection.
The diagnostic value of BAG1 protein has been evaluated with sera from patients whom the time of seroconversion was known and IgG antibodies reacted with BAG1 protein as early as one month after infection in these samples. Overall, it has been stated that human sera reacts with BAG1 protein promptly after acute infection [22]. In the present study, anti-BAG1 IgG and IgM response to BAG1 protein has been evaluated first time in murine infected orally with tissue cysts and oocysts. Similarly, the anti-BAG1 IgM antibodies peaked significantly at day 15 (P<0.01) and reached a plateau at day 120 (Figure 2C). The anti-BAG1 IgG antibody levels peaked significantly increase at day 40 and increment continued until day 120 (P<0.05) (Figure 2D). These results show that BAG1 is a powerful antigen to detect antibody response during tissue cyst related acute and chronic phases of infection.
Crawford et al. evaluated the diagnostic value of SporoSAG protein using recently acute infection sera from humans (possibly oocyst infected) as well as with one mouse serum sample infected orally with sporulated oocysts. Although SporoSAG has been shown to be the most abundantly expressed protein on the infectious sporozoite surface as shown by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, IgM, IgG or IgA response specific to SporoSAG protein was not detected in human and mouse sera [28], [29], [45]. In the present study, the IgM and IgG levels of anti-SporoSAG antibodies were screened for 4 months in consecutive serum samples obtained from 6 mice infected orally with oocysts. The IgM antibodies peaked significantly at day 10 and drastically decreased at day 40 (Figure 2A). The IgG antibody level significantly increased at day 40 and increment continued until day 120 (P<0.001) (Figure 2B). The IgG signal intensity of SporoSAG is weak compared to GRA1 and BAG1 however consecutive serum sampling shows the increment of IgG response to SporoSAG protein during the course of acute infection. These results show that follow-up of antibody response against SporoSAG protein can elucidate the mist over sporozoite originated acute infection.
Overall, recombinant SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 proteins can be accepted as valuable diagnostic markers of recently acute toxoplasmosis in murine model. Future studies should evaluate peak levels of IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies to more stage specific antigens of T. gondii comprehensively using different animal models as well as sera obtained from the systematic follow-up of seroconverted pregnant women and outbreak samples to generate a multi-recombinant ELISA to predict the initiation time of recently acute infection in humans.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Michael White and Prof. Wolfgang Bohne for providing SporoSAG and BAG1 DNA backbones.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MD YG. Performed the experiments: MD AC HC SGI YG ADD MKD. Analyzed the data: MD AC YG. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MD YG.
References
- 1. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O (2004) Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965–1976.
- 2.
Weiss LM, Kim K (2007) Toxoplasma gondii, The Model Apicomplexan: Perspectives and Methods, Elsevier Ltd., Great Britain, 800 p.
- 3. Harning D, Spenter J, Metsis A, Vuust J, Petersen E (1996) Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (P30) expressed in Escherichia coli is recognized by human Toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3: 355–357.
- 4. Aubert D, Maine GT, Villena I, Hunt JC, Howard L, et al. (2000) Recombinant antigens to detect Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in human sera by enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1144–1150.
- 5. Béla SR, Oliveira Silva DA, Cunha-Júnior JP, Pirovani CP, Chaves-Borges FA, et al. (2008) Use of SAG2A recombinant Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen as a diagnostic marker for human acute toxoplasmosis: analysis of titers and avidity of IgG and IgG1 antibodies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 62: 245–254.
- 6. Martin V, Arcavi M, Santillan G, Amendoeira MR, De Souza Neves E, et al. (1998) Detection of human Toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulins A, M, and G with a recombinant Toxoplasma gondii rop2 protein. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 627–631.
- 7. Suzuki Y, Ramirez R, Press C, Li S, Parmley S, et al. (2000) Detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to P35 antigen of Toxoplasma gondii for serodiagnosis of recently acquired infection in pregnant women. J Clin Microbiol 38: 3967–3970.
- 8. Nigro M, Gutierrez A, Hoffer AM, Clemente M, Kaufer F, et al. (2003) Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant proteins for the diagnosis of recently acquired toxoplasmosis by an immunoglobulin G analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47: 609–613.
- 9. Holec-Gasior L, Kur J, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E (2009) GRA2 and ROP1 recombinant antigens as potential markers for detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G in humans with acute toxoplasmosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 510–514.
- 10. Beghetto E, Spadoni A, Bruno L, Buffolano W, Gargano N (2006) Chimeric antigens of Toxoplasma gondii: toward standardization of toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis using recombinant products. J Clin Microbiol 44: 2133–2140.
- 11. Holec-Gasior L, Kur J (2010) Toxoplasma gondii: Recombinant GRA5 antigen for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exp Parasitol 124: 272–278.
- 12. Redlich A, Müller WA (1998) Serodiagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis using a recombinant form of the dense granule antigen GRA6 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parasitol Res 84: 700–706.
- 13. Lecordier L, Fourmaux MP, Mercier C, Dehecq E, Masy E, et al. (2000) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using the recombinant dense granule antigens GRA6 and GRA1 of Toxoplasma gondii for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7: 607–611.
- 14. Ferrandiz J, Mercier C, Wallon M, Picot S, Cesbron-Delauw MF, et al. (2004) Limited value of assays using detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the two recombinant dense granule antigens, GRA1 and GRA6 Nt of Toxoplasma gondii, for distinguishing between acute and chronic infections in pregnant women. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 1016–1021.
- 15. Jacobs D, Vercammen M, Saman E (1999) Evaluation of recombinant dense granule antigen 7 (GRA7) of Toxoplasma gondii for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies and analysis of a major antigenic domain. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6: 24–29.
- 16. Pietkiewicz H, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Kur J, Petersen E, Nielsen HV, et al. (2007) Usefulness of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens (GRA1, GRA7 and SAG1) in an immunoglobulin G avidity test for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Parasitol Res 100: 333–337.
- 17. Pietkiewicz H, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Kur J, Petersen E, Nielsen HV, et al. (2004) Usefulness of Toxoplasma gondii-specific recombinant antigens in serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 1779–1781.
- 18. Pfrepper KI, Enders G, Gohl M, Krczal D, et al. (2005) Seroreactivity to and avidity for recombinant antigens in toxoplasmosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 977–982.
- 19. Holec L, Gasior A, Brillowska-Dabrowska A, Kur J (2008) Toxoplasma gondii: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different fragments of recombinant microneme protein 1 (MIC1) for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies. Exp Parasitol 119: 1–6.
- 20. Buffolano W, Beghetto E, Del Pezzo M, Spadoni A, Di Cristina M, et al. (2005) Use of recombinant antigens for early postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5916–5924.
- 21. Cóceres VM, Becher ML, De Napoli MG, Corvi MM, Clemente M, et al. (2010) Evaluation of the antigenic value of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii HSP20 to detect specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in Toxoplasma infected humans. Exp Parasitol 126: 263–266.
- 22. Di Cristina M, Del Porto P, Buffolano W, Beghetto E, Spadoni A, et al. (2004) The Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite antigens BAG1 and MAG1 induce early humoral and cell-mediated immune responses upon human infection. Microbes Infect 6: 164–171.
- 23. Nakajima-Nakano K, Makioka A, Yamashita N, Matsuo N, Asai T (2000) Evaluation of serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis by using the recombinant nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase isoforms expressed in Escherichia coli. Parasitol Int 48: 215–222.
- 24. Dai J, Jiang M, Wang Y, Qu L, Gong R, et al. (2012) Evaluation of a recombinant multiepitope peptide for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19: 338–342.
- 25. Holec-Gąsior L, Ferra B, Drapała D, Lautenbach D, Kur J (2012) A new MIC1-MAG1 recombinant chimeric antigen can be used instead of the Toxoplasma gondii lysate antigen in serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19: 57–63.
- 26. Radke JR, Gubbels MJ, Jerome ME, Radke JB, Striepen B, et al. (2004) Identification of a sporozoite-specific member of the Toxoplasma SAG superfamily via genetic complementation. Mol Microbiol 52: 93–105.
- 27. Possenti A, Fratini F, Fantozzi L, Pozio E, Dubey JP, et al. (2013) Global proteomic analysis of the oocyst/sporozoite of Toxoplasma gondii reveals commitment to a host-independent lifestyle. BMC Genomics 14: 183.
- 28. Fritz HM, Buchholz KR, Chen X, Durbin-Johnson B, Rocke DM, et al. (2012) Transcriptomic analysis of toxoplasma development reveals many novel functions and structures specific to sporozoites and oocysts. PLoS One 7: e29998.
- 29. Fritz HM, Bowyer PW, Bogyo M, Conrad PA, Boothroyd JC (2012) Proteomic analysis of fractionated Toxoplasma oocysts reveals clues to their environmental resistance. PLoS One 7: e29955.
- 30. Bohne W, Gross U, Ferguson DJ, Heesemann J (1995) Cloning and characterization of a bradyzoite-specifically expressed gene (hsp30/bag1) of Toxoplasma gondii, related to genes encoding small heat-shock proteins of plants. Mol Microbiol 16: 1221–1230.
- 31. Cleary MD, Singh U, Blader IJ, Brewer JL, Boothroyd JC (2002) Toxoplasma gondii asexual development: identification of developmentally regulated genes and distinct patterns of gene expression. Eukaryot Cell 1: 329–340.
- 32. Cesbron-Delauw MF, Guy B, Torpier G, Pierce RJ, Lenzen G, et al. (1989) Molecular characterization of a 23-kilodalton major antigen secreted by Toxoplasma gondii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86: 7537–7541.
- 33. Cesbron-Delauw MF (1994) Dense-granule organelles of Toxoplasma gondii: their role in the host-parasite relationship. Parasitol Today 10: 293–296.
- 34. Tilley M, Fichera ME, Jerome ME, Roos DS, White MW (1997) Toxoplasma gondii sporozoites form a transient parasitophorous vacuole that is impermeable and contains only a subset of dense-granule proteins. Infect Immun 65: 4598–4605.
- 35.
Dubey JP, Beattie CP (1988). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. CRC Press.
- 36. Dumètre A, Dardé ML (2004) Purification of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cesium chloride gradient. J Microbiol Methods 56: 427–330.
- 37. Staggs SE, See MJ, Dubey JP, Villegas EN (2009) Obtaining highly purified Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by a discontinuous cesium chloride gradient. J Vis Exp 3: 33.
- 38. Döşkaya M, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, Walsh CM, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Davies DH, et al. (2007) GRA1 protein vaccine confers better immune response compared to codon-optimized GRA1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 25: 1824–1837.
- 39. Dubey JP (1997) Bradyzoite-induced murine toxoplasmosis: stage conversion, pathogenesis, and tissue cyst formation in mice fed bradyzoites of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 44: 592–602.
- 40. Dubey JP, Speer CA, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Blixt JA (1997) Oocyst-induced murine toxoplasmosis: life cycle, pathogenicity, and stage conversion in mice fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. J Parasitol 83: 870–882.
- 41.
Joynson DHM, Wreghitt TG (2005) Toxoplasmosis, A comprehensive clinical guide, Cambridge University Press, 412 p.
- 42. Chardès T, Bourguin I, Mevelec MN, Dubremetz JF, Bout D (1990) Antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii in sera, intestinal secretions, and milk from orally infected mice and characterization of target antigens. Infect Immun 58: 1240–1246.
- 43. Gatkowska J, Hiszczynska-Sawicka E, Kur J, Holec L, Dlugonska H (2006) Toxoplasma gondii: an evaluation of diagnostic value of recombinant antigens in a murine model. Exp Parasitol 114: 220–227.
- 44. Gatkowska J, Dziadek B, Brzostek A, Dziadek J, Dzitko K, et al. (2010) Determination of diagnostic value of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant ROP2 and ROP4 antigens in mouse experimental model. Pol J Microbiol 59: 137–141.
- 45. Crawford J, Lamb E, Wasmuth J, Grujic O, Grigg ME, et al. (2010) Structural and functional characterization of SporoSAG: a SAG2-related surface antigen from Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 285: 12063–12070.