Figures
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the efficacy and safety of granulocyte transfusion combined with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in severe infection patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA).
Methods
Fifty-six patients in severe infections with SAA who had received granulocyte transfusions combined with G-CSF from 2006 to 2012 in our department were analyzed. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to investigate the survival rates (at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days), the responses to treatment (at 7 days and 30 days, including microbiological, radiographic and clinical responses), the neutrophil count and adverse events after transfusion.
Results
All SAA patients with severe infections were treated with granulocyte transfusions combined with G-CSF. Forty-seven patients had received antithymocyte globulin/antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporine A as immunosuppressive therapy. The median number of granulocyte components transfused was 18 (range, 3–75). The survival at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days were 50(89%), 39(70%) and 37(66%) respectively. Among 31 patients who had invasive fungal infections, the survival at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days were 27(87%), 18(58%) and 16(52%) respectively. Among the 25 patients who had refractory severe bacterial infections, the survival at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days were 23(92%), 21(84%) and 21(84%) respectively. Survival rate was correlated with hematopoietic recovery. Responses of patients at 7 and 30 days were correlated with survival rate. Common adverse effects of granulocyte transfusion included mild to moderate fever, chills, allergy and dyspnea.
Citation: Wang H, Wu Y, Fu R, Qu W, Ruan E, Wang G, et al. (2014) Granulocyte Transfusion Combined with Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Severe Infection Patients with Severe Aplastic Anemia: A Single Center Experience from China. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088148
Editor: Dimas Tadeu Covas, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Brazil
Received: August 15, 2013; Accepted: January 6, 2014; Published: February 5, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Wang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This project is partly supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30971286, 30971285, 81170472) http://isisn.nsfc.gov.cn/egrantweb/. No additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a hematologic disease characterized by peripheral pancytopenia with bone marrow failure, and has the absence of an abnormal infiltrates and no increase in reticulin. Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) has more severe bone marrow failure and high mortality, which has been recognized an immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic cells caused by active T lymphocytes [1]–[3]. Death of SAA is usually due to complications such as infection, hemorrhage, or severe anemia. Fatal infection by bacteria or invasive fungal (especially Aspergillus) is the most frequent cause of SAA mortality [4]–[8]. Even in the last few years, the response rate of new antifungal drugs, as Voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B, was only about 30% in patients with severe neutropenia and persistent fever [9].
Neutropenia could increase the risk of infections caused by bacteria and invasive fungi. The morbidity of infection was correlated with the severity and duration of neutropenia. In recent, a random control study reported the efficacy of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in severe infection of patients with very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA) [10]. And some studies indicated granulocyte transfusion increased the response rate in patients with SAA and other severe neutropenia diseases [11]–[15]. In our study, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of granulocyte transfusion combining with G-CSF in severe infections of SAA patients.
Patients and Methods
Subjects
Fifty-six SAA patients with infections (35 males and 21 females, median age 29 (range 6–65 years)) were enrolled in this study. A retrospective analysis was undertaken. All the patients were diagnosed in our department from 2006 to 2012. The diagnosis of SAA was defined as pancytopenia with at least two of the following abnormalities: a neutrophil count less than 0.5×109/L, a platelet count less than 20×109/L, and a reticulocyte count less than 20×109/L with hypocellular bone marrow (less than 30% cellularity). VSAA was diagnosed in the cases SAA with the neutrophil count <0.2×109/L [16]–[17]. Patients were excluded if they had congenital AA. Patients were screened for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by flow cytometry using anti-CD55 and anti-CD59 antibodies. All the patients had received bone marrow cytogenetic examinations.
Among 56 patients, 51 cases were VSAA and 5 cases were SAA. Forty-seven of them had received immunosuppressive therapy (IST), including: 33 patients had received rabbit anti-human lymphocyte globulin (ALG) + cyclosporine-A (CsA), 6 patients had received rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG) + CsA, and 8 patients had received pig ALG + CsA. The rest 9 patients had received CsA + androgen as treatments of SAA (Table 1).
Characteristics of Severe Infection in Patients with SAA
Most infections in 56 patients were polymicrobial, involving more than one bacterial strain, more than one mold, or mixture infections of bacteria and fungi. Among them, 31 patients had invasive fungal infection, included that 7 cases were infected by Aspergillus in the lung or paranasal sinus. Other fungi included Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Among the 25 patients who had severe bacterial infections, 16 cases had bacteremia. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were the common pathogens separated from blood samples of these patients. Besides blood infections, lung was the most common sites of infection (Table 2).
Therapy
During and after IST, neutropenic fever was treated initially with broad-spectrum antibiotics, followed by empiric anti-fungal therapy within 48 h if fever persisted.
Patients received granulocyte transfusions and G-CSF treatment if they had the following: (i) the neutrophil count was less than 0.2×109/L and expected to last for at least 10 days, and (ii) proven or probable invasive fungal disease according to the Chinese Invasive Fungal Infection Working Group criteria [18], or a bacterial infection with higher mortality in our department, and (iii) no response to appropriate antibiotic or antifungal therapy for 24–48 h.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tianjin Medical University. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients or their relatives in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Granulocyte Concentrates and Transfusion
All granulocyte concentrates were ABO compatible to recipients and were collected with blood cell separator (Thermo RC3BP PLUS, US) from health donors (not submitted to granulocyte mobilization) in Tianjin Blood Center. The mean granulocyte dose in concentrates was 9.2±4.7×109 cells.
All granulocyte concentrates were transfused within 4–6 h after collection. All patients received anti-anaphylaxis drugs and G-CSF (5–10 ug/kg, by hypodermic injection) before transfusions. All patients who received the granulocyte transfusion had been treated daily or on alternate days until granulocyte count returned to normal, clearance of infection, discharged, or death.
Outcome Measures
Collected data included the survival rate (at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days, from the start to granulocyte transfusions), responses to treatment (at 7 and 30 days), and neutrophil count after granulocyte therapy. Complete blood counts were tested in all patients in 4–8 h after transfusion.
Responses to anti-infection therapy were categorized by microbiological (resolution of bacteremia), radiographic (decrease in infiltrates or nodule size) and clinical criteria. The clinical criteria included defervescence or body temperature decrease at least 1.5°C, hemodynamic stabilization, and improvement in symptoms such as dyspnea. A complete response (CR) was defined as improvement in all three criteria (microbiological, radiographic and clinical); a partial response (PR) was defined as improvement in one or two criteria; stable disease was defined as no improvement; progressive disease signified clinical deterioration [11].
Results
Efficacy
The survival rate at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days was 89% (50 cases), 70% (39) and 66% (37) respectively. Survival was correlated with bone marrow hematopoietic recovery. Among the 31 patients who had invasive fungal infections, survival rate at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days was 87% (27), 58% (18) and 52% (16) respectively. Among the 25 patients who had refractory severe bacterial infections, survival rate at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days was 92% (23), 84% (21) and 84% (21) respectively (Table 3).
The median number of granulocyte concentrates transfusion was 18 times (range, 3–75). The mean increased granulocyte count was 0.27±0.21×109/L. The median interval between the initiation of IST and the initiation of granulocyte transfusion was 14 (0 to 47) days.
After granulocyte transfusion and G-CSF treatment, the response rate (CR + PR) of SAA patients with infections at 7 days and 30 days was 52% (29) and 66%(37) respectively (Table 4). Two of the 7 patients who had Aspergillosis infections were cured after neutrophil count returned to normal. Other 5 cases died because hematopoietic function could not recover for a long time. Although 5 patients died, their survival times were much longer than the SAA patients in Aspergillosis infection without granulocyte transfusion that we studied before. We had observed that most of SAA patients in invasive Aspergillosis infection without granulocyte transfusions or G-CSF therapy died within the first month after diagnosis compared that most of the SAA patients with granulocyte transfusions and G-CSF therapy died in the second to third month after diagnosis if their bone morrow hematopoiesis could not recover.
Safety
Chills and fever occurred in 8.3% of granulocyte transfusions (total 1078 transfusions). In all cases, these kinds of reactions were mild or moderate, which were successfully treated and prevented in the follow transfusions by antipyretics or corticosteroids. Dyspnea occurred in 1.9% of transfusions. Baseline oxygen saturation decreases more than 5% were seen in 6.4% of transfusions, and decreases of more than 10% in 1.9%. Allergy reaction was seen in 3.4% of transfusions. Two old patients experienced acute heart failure caused by relative quick speed of transfusion, and were cured by digoxin and furosemide. There was no other severe adverse event associated with granulocyte transfusions. (Table 5).
Discussion
Infection is a very common complication of SAA. Severe infections are fatal in SAA patients (especially treated with IST) and other severe neutropenia diseases.
There are very few specific reports about infections and their therapy in patients with AA. In studies of leukemia, neutropenia was shown to increase the risk of bacterial infections. The severity and mortality of infection were significantly correlated with the severity and duration of neutropenia. In cancer studies, it has usually identified a low-risk period in therapy, determined by neutropenia. Compared with leukemia and other neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, neutropenia of SAA exists much longer. As severe granulocytopenia becomes prolonged, infection will be inevitable. And we had found that the patients with neutrophil count less than 0.2×109/L (as VSAA patients) had more frequent and severe infection: Pulmonary infection and septicemia had higher mortality (56% and 73.3% respectively).
Some studies showed that G-CSF therapy reduced the mortality of infections in patients with VSAA. Among 12 VSAA patients treated with G-CSF, 8 patients had good response. While 13 VSAA patients without G-CSF, only 3 patients had responses to therapy [19]. The randomized controlled study by the SAA Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation showed that patients treated with G-CSF had fewer infectious episodes (24%) and hospitalization days (82%) compared with patients without G-CSF (36%; P<0.006; 87%; P<0.0003) [10]. Our past study and others studies had shown that G-CSF played an adjunctive role in severe infections in patients with VSAA [20]–[23].
Quillen et al [11] analyzed granulocyte transfusions in SAA patients with severe infections in National Institutes of Health in the past 11 years. They found granulocyte transfusions might help to increase the survival rate. The overall survival rate at hospital discharge was 58% and survival was strongly correlated with hematopoietic recovery. Among the 18 patients who had invasive fungal infections, 44% of them survived till hospital discharge. In other studies, it also showed that the administration of granulocyte transfusions to treat neutropenic patients in life-threatening infections could increase the response rate of anti-infection therapy and decrease the mortality [7]–[11].
In this study, we proved that life-threatening infections were not unusual in SAA patients, and the severity and duration of neutropenia were significantly related to the mortality of infections. We observed that granulocyte transfusions combining with G-CSF to treat severe infections in SAA patients had better responses. The survival rate at 30 days, 90 days and 180 days were 89%, 70% and 66%, which were longer than that before.
We observed that granulocyte transfusions with G-CSF could increase the response rate of antifungal and antibiotics therapy. Two patients infected by Aspergillus were cured successfully with Voriconizole, Caspofungin and granulocyte transfusions with G-CSF, and their hematopoiesis recovered later. In our past study, the SAA patients with Aspergillosis infection all died. The total mortality of SAA patients with invasive fungal infection was 61.1% and only 16.7% patients had response to antifungal therapy. All patients diagnosed invasive Aspergillosis died even though antifungal therapy was given suitably [24]. But after granulocyte transfusions, the neutrophil count did not increased obviously in peripheral blood. We inferred that it was due to the migration of neutrophils from blood to tissues.
According to past reports, the granulocyte concentrates collected from normal donors who stimulated by G-CSF and dexamethasone to increase neutrophil counts in most clinical centers. But in our study, granulocyte concentrates had relatively lower neutrophil counts, which collected from normal donors without stimulation. As compensation, we used G-CSF to enhance the function of neutrophils by improving the ability of migration and phagocytosis.
Though many researches showed that granulocyte transfusions and G-CSF decreased the mortality of infections, the clearance of infections still depended on the hematopoiesis recovery. Thirteen patients received neutrophil transfusions after IST survived until bone marrow function recovered. In addition, the new antifungal drugs showed more efficient to treat invasive fungal infections in this study. Hence, it would not summarize that the administration of granulocyte transfusions with G-CSF alone can treat the severe infection in SAA patients.
Adverse effects of granulocyte transfusions included mild to moderate fever, chills, allergy and dyspnea. No patient died because of granulocyte transfusions. Two old patients experienced acute heart failure because the speed of granulocyte transfusion was quick relatively, and were cured by digitalis and diuretics. There was no other severe adverse event associated with granulocyte transfusions. But we did not study the alloimmunization of granulocyte transfusion which would be investigated in further study.
In conclusion, granulocyte transfusion combining with G-CSF might be an adjunctive therapy for treating severe infections in SAA patients.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HW YW ZS. Performed the experiments: HW YW RF WQ ER GW HL JS LX JG LL CL. Analyzed the data: HW YW ZS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HW YW RF WQ ER GW HL JS LX JG LL CL. Wrote the paper: HW ZS.
References
- 1. Bacigalupo A (2007) Aplastic anemia: pathogenesis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2007: 23–28.
- 2. Marsh JC, Ball SE, Cavenagh J, Darbyshire P, Dokal I, et al. (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 147: 43–70.
- 3. Young NS, Calado RT, Scheinberg P (2006) Current concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of aplastic anemia. Blood 108: 2509–2519.
- 4. Torres HA, Bodey GP, Rolston KVI, Kantarjian HM, Raad II, et al. (2003) Infections in patients with aplastic anemia. Cancer 98: 86–93.
- 5. Rosenfeld S, Follman D, Nunez O, Young NS (2003) Antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine for severe aplastic anemia: association between hematologic response and long-term outcome. JAMA 289: 1130–1135.
- 6. Brodsky RA, Chen AR, Dorr D, Fuchs EJ, Huff CA, et al. (2010) High-dose cyclophosphamide for severe aplastic anemia:long-term follow-up. Blood 115: 2136–2141.
- 7. Risitano AM, Selleri C, Serio B, Torelli GF, Kulagin A, et al. (2010) Alemtuzumab is safe and effective as immunosuppressive treatment for aplastic anaemia and singlelineage marrow failure: a pilot study and a survey from the EBMT WPSAA. Br J Haematol 148: 791–796.
- 8. Scheinberg P, Wu CO, Nunez O, Scheinberg P, Boss C, et al. (2009) Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with a combination of horse antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine, with or without sirolimus: a prospective randomized study. Haematologica 94: 348–354.
- 9. Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston DJ, Lazarus HM, Petersen F, et al. (2002) Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. New Engl J Med 346: 225–234.
- 10. Tichelli A, Schrezenmeier H, Socié G, Marsh J, Bacigalupo A, et al. (2011) A randomized controlled study in patients with newly diagnosed severe aplastic anemia receiving antithymocyte globulin (ATG), cyclosporine, with or without G-CSF: a study of the SAA Working Party of theaplastic European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood 117: 4434–4441.
- 11. Quillen K, Wong E, Scheinberg P, Young NS, Walsh TJ, et al. (2009) Granulocyte transfusions in severe aplastic anemia: an eleven-year experience. Haematologica 94: 1661–1668.
- 12. Drewniak A, van Raam BJ, Geissler J, Tool AT, Mook OR, et al. (2009) Changes in gene expression of granulocytes during in vivo G-CSF/dexamethasone mobilization for transfusion purposes. Blood 114: 5979–5998.
- 13. Peters C (2009) Granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients: beneficial effects proven? Vox Sang 96: 275–283.
- 14. Safdar A, Hanna HA, Boktour M, Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem R, et al. (2004) Impact of high-dose granulocyte transfusions in patients with cancer with candidemia: retrospective case-control analysis of 491 episodes of Candida species bloodstream infections. Cancer 101: 2859–2865.
- 15. Ofran Y, Avivi I, Oliven A, Oren I, Zuckerman T, et al. (2007) Granulocyte transfusions for neutropenic patients with life-threatening infections: a single centre experience in 47 patients, who received 348 granulocyte transfusions. Vox Sang 93: 363–369.
- 16. Camitta BM, Thomas ED, Nathan DG, Santos G, Gordon-Smith EC, et al. (1976) Severe aplastic anemia: a prospective study of the effect of early marrow transplantation on acute mortality. Blood 48: 63–70.
- 17. Bacigalupo A, Hows J, Gluckman E, Nissen C, Marsh J, et al. (1988) Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) versus immunosuppression for the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): a report of the EBMT SAA working party. Br J Haematol 70: 177–182.
- 18. Chinese Invasive Fungal Infection Working Group (2010) [Diagnostic criteria and therapeutic principle of invasive fungal infection in hematological diseases or malignant tumors] (Chinese). Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 49: 451–454.
- 19. Wu YH, Shao ZH, Liu H, Cui ZZ, Qin TJ, et al. (2003) [The clinical features of severe aplastic anemia patients with complication of infection](Chinese). Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 24: 530–533.
- 20. Gluckman E, Rokicka-Milewska R, Hann I, Nikiforakis E, Tavakoli F, et al. (2002) Results and follow-up of a phase III randomized study of recombinant human-granulocyte stimulating factor as support for immunosuppressive therapy in patients with severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 119: 1075–1082.
- 21. Shao Z, Chu Y, Zhang Y, Chen G, Zheng Y (1998) Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with an immunosuppressive agent plus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin. Am J Hematol 59: 185–191.
- 22. Kojima S, Hibi S, Kosaka Y, Yamamoto M, Tsuchida M, et al. (2000) Immunosuppressive therapy using antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, and danazol with or without human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 96: 2049–2054.
- 23. Teramura M, Kimura A, Iwase S, Yonemura Y, Nakao S, et al. (2007) Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin A with or without G-CSF in adults: a multicenter randomized study in Japan. Blood 110: 1756–1761.
- 24. Wu YH, Shao ZH, Liu H, Shi J, Bai J, et al. (2005) [Severe aplastic anemia with fungal infection: a clinical observation](Chinese). Zhonghua Yi Yuan Gan Ran Xue Za Zhi 15: 866–869.