Figures
Abstract
Closed form solutions for unsteady free convection flows of a second grade fluid near an isothermal vertical plate oscillating in its plane using the Laplace transform technique are established. Expressions for velocity and temperature are obtained and displayed graphically for different values of Prandtl number Pr, thermal Grashof number Gr, viscoelastic parameter α, phase angle ωτ and time τ. Numerical values of skin friction τ0 and Nusselt number Nu are shown in tables. Some well-known solutions in literature are reduced as the limiting cases of the present solutions.
Citation: Ali F, Khan I, Shafie S (2014) Closed Form Solutions for Unsteady Free Convection Flow of a Second Grade Fluid over an Oscillating Vertical Plate. PLoS ONE 9(2): e85099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085099
Editor: Enrique Hernandez-Lemus, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico
Received: July 29, 2013; Accepted: November 22, 2013; Published: February 14, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Ali et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
It is well known that Newtonian fluids such as air, water, ethanol, benzene and mineral oils form a basis for classical fluid mechanics. However, many important fluids, such as blood, polymers, paint, and foods show non-Newtonian behavior. Due to the diversity of non-Newtonian fluids in nature no unique relationship is available in the literature that can describe the rheology of all the non-Newtonian fluids. Of course, the mathematical systems for non-Newtonian fluids are of higher order and complicated in comparison to the Newtonian fluids. Therefore, a variety of constitutive equations have been suggested to predict the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids. Despite of all these difficulties, the recent researchers in the field have made valuable contributions in study of flows of non-Newtonian fluids [1]–[12]. Amongst the different categorizations of non-Newtonian fluids, there is one simplest model of differential type fluids known as second grade fluid [13], [14]. Keeping the importance of non-Newtonian fluids in mind, for the present problem, we have chosen second grade fluid as a non-Newtonian fluid. Amongst the different studies on second grade fluids [15]–[25], Nazar et al. [26] provided some interesting results. They considered the second grade fluid over an oscillating plate and obtained exact solutions using the Laplace transform technique, expressed them as the sum of steady-state and transient solutions. Recently, Farhad et al. [27] extended the work of Nazar et al. [26] by considering the second grade fluid to be electrically conducting and passes through a porous medium. As a special case, it is observed that their results in the absence of MHD and porosity effects are reduced to those obtained by Nazar et al. [26].
On the other hand free convection is a common process in nature and has numerous applications and occurrences in industry. It is a major cause of atmospheric and oceanic circulation and plays an important role in the passive emergency cooling systems of advanced nuclear reactors. Furthermore, free convection flows of non-Newtonian fluids with heat transfer play an important role in many industrial systems. For example, there are many process in which thermal energy is transferred from an object through the physical contact with heat transfer fluids at a temperature colder than the object. Industrial refrigeration or heating, chemical manufacturing, breweries, ventilation and air conditioning, ice rinks and engine cooling, environmental chambers, oil and gas industry and, food and pharmaceutical are some examples of such applications [28]–[30]. Besides that, the Stokes’ second problem for the flow of an incompressible fluid over an oscillating plane is of great importance in the literature of fluid dynamics. It admits an exact analytical solution [31]. The Stokes’ or Rayleigh problem is not only of fundamental theoretical interest but it also occurs in many applied problems [32], [33].
Pop and Watanabe [34] investigated the effects of suction and injection on the free convection flow from vertical cone with uniform surface heat flux with fixed value of Pr = 0.7 and obtained numerical solutions. Kafoussias [35] studied free convection magnetohydrodynamic flows through porous medium and obtained numerical solutions for constant viscosity. In the investigations [34], [35], the coefficients of viscosity are assumed constant. However, it is observed the coefficients of viscosity for most fluids may depend on temperature [36]. Many investigations have been reported into the problem of free convection heat transfer along a vertical surface with temperature dependent viscosity for different heating conditions [37]–[41]. Jang and Lin [42] studied the role of temperature-dependent viscosity in laminar free convection flow adjacent to a vertical surface with uniform heat flux.
Most of the existing studies in the literature on convection flows of second grade fluid are concerned with numerical or approximate solutions [43]–[45]. Considerably less work has been reported concerning the constant property effects on free convection flow of second grade fluid over the vertical isothermal plate. So, it is necessary to carry out the study on free convection flows of second grade fluid with exact solutions for the free convection flow of second grade. Exact solutions on the other hand are needed not only for the technical relevance of the flows but are also significant for a variety of other reasons such as they can be used as a benchmark by numerical solvers and for checking the stability of their solutions. Therefore, the main purpose of the present investigation is to study the unsteady free convection flow of a second grade fluid past an isothermal vertical plate oscillating in its plane with constant viscosity [34], [35], and to obtain the exact solutions using the Laplace transform technique. The present problem is the extension of Nazar et al. [26]. However, it is rather complicated due to the presence of free convection term in the momentum equation which makes the momentum and energy equations coupled with each others. Hence the present solutions are more general compared to the solutions existing in the literature.
Formulation of the Problem
Following Fosdick and Rajagopal [13], the Cauchy stress tensor in a homogeneous incompressible fluid of second grade is related to the fluid motion in the following form
(1)where
is the scalar pressure,
is the identity tensor,
is the coefficient of viscosity,
and
are the material moduli commonly referred to as the normal stress moduli and
and
stand for the first two tensor of Rivlin and Ericksen defined by
(2)
According to Fosdick and Rajagopal [13] and Dunn and Fosdick [14] the model (1) required to be compatible with thermodynamics in the sense that all motions satisfy the Clausius-Duhem inequality and the assumption that the specific Helmholtz free energy is a minimum in equilibrium at constant temperature then, the material moduli must satisfy the following conditions(3)
Now let us consider the unsteady free convection flow of a second grade fluid near an isothermal vertical plate situated in the plane of a Cartesian coordinate system
and
Initially, both the plate and fluid are at rest with constant temperature
At time
the plate starts motion in its plane with oscillating velocity and then transmitted to the fluid. The temperature of the plate immediately raises to
and thereafter maintains constant. Owing to the shear, the fluid is gradually moved and its velocity is of the form
(4)where
is the unit vector in the flow direction as shown in Fig. 1.
In the view of the above assumptions and using the usual Boussinesq approximation, the momentum and energy equations for the incompressible flow of a second grade fluid are(5)
(6)
The appropriate initial and boundary conditions(7)where
denotes the fluid velocity in the
direction,
is the temperature,
is the constant density of the fluid,
is the viscosity,
is the second grade parameter,
is the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion,
is the acceleration due to gravity,
is the specific heat capacity,
is the thermal conductivity,
is the free stream temperature,
the frequency of the velocity of the wall and
is the Heaviside unit step function.
By introducing the following dimensionless variables(8)the system of equations
reduces to
Here is the dimensionless second grade parameter,
is the thermal Grashof number and
is the Prandtl number.
Solution of the Problem
We solve the governing equations in exact form by the Laplace transform technique and their solutions in the transform -plane are given by
(12)
(13)
(14)where the subscripts
and
in Eqs. (12) and (13) refer to cosine and sine oscillations of the plate and
We split Eq. (12) in the following forms(15)
(16)
Let us we denotewhere
is denoting the inverse Laplace transform.
In order to find the inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (12), we write the velocity as a convolution product (see theorem (A1) from Appendix S1).
(17)
Laplace inversion of Eq. leads to the following expressions.
(18)
(19)
In order to find we use the inversion formula of compound functions (A2) and some of the known results (A4)-(A7) from Appendix S1, consequently Eq. (16) results.
(20)where
is the Dirac delta function and
is the modified Bessel function of the first kind of order one. Using Eqs. (18)–(20) into Eq. (17), keeping in mind (A3) from Appendix S1, we get
(21)
Similarly for the sine oscillations of the plate the corresponding expression of velocity is given by(22)
The starting solutions of and
given by Eqs. (21) and (22) are rather complicated. Therefore, we derive approximate expressions for these velocities corresponding to small and large values of time. This time is important, especially for those who need to eliminate transients from their rheological measurements [26]. In order to determine this time, we need first to write the starting solutions as the sum of the steady state and transient solutions. Therefore, we decompose the integrals from Eqs. (21) and (22) under the form
(23)and use formulae (A8)-(A10) from Appendix S1, we obtain
(24)where the steady state solutions are written as
(25)
(26)which are periodic in time and independent of the initial condition. The transient solutions in equivalent but more suitable forms are written as
(27)
(28)in which
The inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (14) gives the required temperature as(29)
It is important to note that the steady state solutions (25) and (26) are independent of thermal effects whereas, the transient solutions (27) and (28) contain the thermal effects due to the presence of free convection term. Therefore, these transient solutions can be written as a sum of the mechanical and thermal
components as below
(30)
(31)where
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)in which the subscripts me and th are used for the mechanical and thermal parts of transient velocity.
Further, it is worth mentioning to note that solutions (21) and (22) are valid only for however to make these solutions valid for
we once again derive our solutions by putting
into Eq. (14) and using it in the transform solution of Eq. (9), the starting solutions are
(36)
(37)corresponding to the cosine and sine oscillations of the plate and
. Now by employing the previous methodology, the starting solutions (36) and (37) can also be written as a sum of the steady-state and transient solutions.
Limiting Cases
Equations (21) and (22) investigate the exact solutions for the starting motion of a second grade fluid for the cosine and sine oscillations of an isothermal vertical plate respectively and Eq. (28) represents the corresponding solution for temperature of the fluid. Since the present solutions are more general and the existing published results from the literature appear as special cases by taking suitable parameters such as Grashof number frequency of oscillations
and the second grade parameter
equal to zero.
Case-I: Solutions in the Absence of Thermal Effects
In the absence of free convection, the solution of temperature (29), is unaffected by the thermal effects due to the reason that the free convection term is not involved there, however by taking
implies that
Eqs.
and
yield Eqs.
and
as follows
(38)
(39)which are identical to the starting solutions obtained by Nazar et al. (Eqs. (13) and (14) in [26]) describe the motion of the fluid for small and large times. Furthermore, for
, the steady parts of Eqs.
and
give the well known results
(40)
(41)which are quite identical to the published results obtained by Erdogan (Eqs.
and
in [46]) and Feteca et al. (Eq.
in [47]).
Case-II: Solutions in the Absence of Oscillating Effects
Now let us assume that the infinite plate is set into impulsive motion after time The thermal component of velocity
remain unchanged while the mechanical part of velocity
is effected due to the frequency of oscillations
So, by taking
into Eq.
, the solution corresponding to the case when the plate applies impulsive motion to the fluid is given by
(42)
Case-III: Solutions in the Absence of Mechanical Effects
Here we assume that the infinite plate is kept at rest all the time. In this case the motion in the fluid together with heat transfer are only caused due to the presence of free convection because there is no disturbance from the bounding plate. Thus, the mechanical component of velocity is identically zero and consequently the velocity of the fluid reduces to the thermal component
(43)
We note that the solutions obtained as limiting cases (Case-II & Case-III) are also new and not available in the literature.
Results and Discussion
A numerical assessment for the exact solutions of the present problem corresponding to the cosine oscillations of the plate and
is performed. Using a computational software Mathcad, the results are plotted to illustrate the interesting features of the involved parameters on the starting solution corresponding to the cosine oscillations of the plate (Figs.
) and temperature profiles (Fig.
and
) whereas Figs.
and
are shown for the starting and steady-state velocities corresponding to the cosine and sine oscillations of the plate. In addition Fig.
is prepared to show the comparison of the present results with Nazar et al.
The parameters entering into the problem are second grade parameter
, Prandtl number
, thermal Grashof number
, dimensionless time
, and phase angle
.
Figure 2 shows the influence of on the velocity field
. It is clear from this figure that an increase in
results a decrease in the velocity. Physically, it is true because the higher values of
are having greater stability than the smaller values. This behavior of
is quite similar to that of Sivaraj and Kumar (see Fig. 4 in [32]). Unlike [34], [35], the effect of Prandtl number
for four different values as
and
upon velocity
is elucidated from Fig.
. It is seen from this figure.
that in the case of heating of the plate or cooling of the fluid
, velocity
decreases when Prandtl number
increases. Physically, it is true as the Prandtl number describes the ratio between momentum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity and hence controls the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layers. As
increases the viscous forces (momentum diffusivity) dominate the thermal diffusivity and consequently decreases the velocity. The influence of thermal Grashof number
on velocity distribution
is elucidated from Fig.
. It is clear from this figure that in the absence of thermal effect
when the effect of buoyant forces is negligible and the viscous forces are dominant, the velocity tends to steady-state faster than for the values of
It can be observed that velocity increases for the increasing values of
It is also true physically as the Grashof number
describes the ratio of bouncy forces to viscous forces. Therefore, an increase in the values of
leads to increase in buoyancy forces, consequently velocity increases.
The effect of dimensionless time on velocity
is illustrated from Fig.
It can be seen from this figure that velocity is a decreasing function of
. The effect of phase angle
upon velocity
is elucidated from Fig.
It is observed that velocity
is fluctuating between −1 and 1, tending to zero for large values of independent variable
It is clear from this figure that the obtained solution (
) satisfies the corresponding boundary conditions given in Eq. (
). Hence this provides a useful mathematical check. The influence of Prandtl number
on temperature profile
is shown in Fig.
. Four different values of
,
and
are chosen. They physically correspond to mercury, electrolyte, air and water respectively. It is found that temperature decreases when
is increased. As
is the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to that of thermal diffusivity, so the increase in
is actually increase in viscous forces (viscosity) which results a decrease in temperature profile. The effect of dimensionless time
on the temperature profiles
is shown in Fig.
It can be seen from the figure that the effect of time
on temperature
is quite opposite to the Prandtl number
as observed in Fig. 7.
A very important problem regarding the technical applicability of the starting solutions is to find the approximate time after which the fluid is moving according to the steady-state solutions. More exactly, in practice it is necessary to know the required time to attain the steady state [26]. For this purpose, the variations of the corresponding starting and steady-state velocities with the distance from the wall are depicted in Figs. 9 and 10. At small values of time, the difference between unsteady and steady-state velocities is large enough. This difference rapidly decreases and it can be clearly seen from the figures that the required time to reach the steady-state for the cosine oscillations of the boundary is smaller than that for the sine oscillations
. A comparative study of the present solution
corresponding to the cosine oscillations of the plate is provided in Fig.
with published results of Nazar et al. (Eq. (13) in [26]) It is found that in the absence of free convection (
) the present results are identical with those of Nazar et al. [26].
The numerical results for skin friction are shown in Table
for various embedded parameters. It is found that the skin friction decreases when
is increased. On the other hand, the influence of Prandtl number
on skin friction shows that
decreases when
increases whereas it increases for large values of
and
The effects of
and
on Nusselt number Nu are studied numerically in Table
It is found that Nu
decreases when
increases. Physically this behavior is acceptable because when
increases, it decreases the resistance and consequently enhances the rate of heat transfer. The influence of
on Nu is found quite opposite to that of
.
Conclusions
The heat transfer analysis of a second grade fluid for unsteady free convection flow past an isothermal vertical plate oscillating in its plane is investigated. Closed form solutions of the problem are obtained by using the Laplace transform technique. The starting solutions (21) and (22) are expressed in terms of steady-state and transient solutions. It is found that they satisfy the imposed initial and boundary conditions and can be easily reduced to the similar solutions in the literature by taking Grashof number frequency of oscillations
and the second grade parameter
equal to zero. The effects of various parameters on velocity and temperature profiles are graphically studied whereas the results for skin-friction and Nusselt number are computed in tables. The following conclusions are extracted from this study.
- Increasing second grade parameter
decreases fluid velocity.
- Velocity for electrolyte solution is greater than air and water.
- The presence of free convection enhances the fluid motion.
- Temperature decreases for large values of
- The Nusselt number increases when
is increased
- The skin friction increases when both time
and phase angle
are increased.
- In the absence of free convection (Gr = 0) the present solutions are found identical to those obtained by Nazar et al. [26].
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Research Management Centre – UTM for the financial support through vote numbers 4F109 and 04H27 for this research.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: FA IK SS. Performed the experiments: IK FA SS. Analyzed the data: FA IK SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IK FA SS. Wrote the paper: FA IK SS.
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