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Num.IDQuestionX (behavior)% yes1Tangney,
1987 ADDIN EN.CITE Tangney198713813813817Tangney, J.P.Fraud will out ? Or will it?New ScientistNew Scientist62-63115157219876 Aug[1]Have you at some time suspected a colleague in your field of X?Falsifying data322Lock,
1988 ADDIN EN.CITE Lock198811711711717Lock, S.Misconduct in medical research: does it exist in Britain?British Medical JournalBritish Medical Journal1531-153529766621988London BMJ Publishing Group[2]Have knowledge of any cases of XFraud58.23Simmons,
1991 ADDIN EN.CITE Simmons199113713713717Simmons, R.L.Polk, H.C. JrWilliams, B.Mavroudis, C.Misconduct and fraud in research: social and legislative issues symposium of the Society of University SurgeonsSurgerySurgery1-711011991July 1991[3]Have you strongly suspected XFraud that has not been investigated in your university154Are you aware of at least one incidence of X Fraud that has been openly investigated in your institution405Fraud that has been investigated by quiet inquiry436Kalichman,
1992 ADDIN EN.CITE Kalichman199210810810817Kalichman, Michael W.Friedman, Paul J.A pilot study of biomedical trainees' perceptions concerning research ethicsAcademic MedicineAcademic MedicineAcad. Med.769-77567111992Peer Reviewed Journal: 1993-23417-001.[4]Do you have first hand knowledge of scientists intentionally X for the purpose of publicationAltering or fabricating data107Swazey,
1993 ADDIN EN.CITE Swazey199313513513517Swazey, JudithAnderson, MelissaKaren, LouisEthical Problems in Academic ResearchAmerican ScientistAmerican Scientist542-5538161993[5]In this program, have you observed or had other direct evidence of XFalsifying or "cooking" research data11.48Failing to present data that contradict one's own previous research13.59Overlooking others' use of flawed data or questionable interpretation of data19.710Greenberg,
1994 ADDIN EN.CITE Greenberg199488888817Greenberg, MichaelGoldberg, LauraEnvironmental & Occupational Health Sciences Instit Rutgers U, New Brunswick NJ 08903Ethical Challenges to Risk Scientists: An Exploratory Analysis of Survey DataScience, Technology, and Human ValuesScience, Technology, and Human Values223-241192*Risk Assessment*Scientific Research*Research Ethics*Professional Malpractice19940162-2439[6]How often [you] personally witnessed or had direct knowledge of X Data fabrication1111Biased research design2812Data destruction913Glick,
1993 ADDIN EN.CITE Glick199327272717Glick, J. LesliePerceptions concerning research integrity and the practice of data audit in the biotechnology industryAccount ResPerceptions concerning research integrity and the practice of data audit in the biotechnology industryAccount Res187-9532-3199319930898-9621MEDLINE:11652294English[7]n.s.Falsification of data or fabrication of experimental results; or experimental deficiencies; or reporting deficiencies; or misrepresentation of data6014Glick,
1994 ADDIN EN.CITE Glick199413913913917Glick, Leslie J.Shamoo, Adil E.Results of a survey on research practices, completed by attendees at the third conference on research policies and quality assuranceAccountability in ResearchAccountability in Research275-280341994[8]Have you ever suspected or determined that other researchers had been responsible for performing Xexperimental deficiencies, reporting deficiencies, misrepresentation of data, falsification of data8615Eastwood,
1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Eastwood199611117Eastwood, SusanDerish, PamelaLeash, EvangelineOrdway, StephenEthical issues in biomedical research: Perceptions and practices of postdoctoral research fellows responding to a surveyScience and Engineering Ethics89-114211996[9]Do you have firsthand knowledge of a scientist intentionally XFabricating data for a presentation416Fabricating data for a grant application317Fabricating data for a publication318Altering data for a presentation1219Altering data for a grant application820Altering data for a publication821Bebeau,
1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Bebeau199666617Bebeau, M. J.Davis, E. L.SUNY BUFFALO,SCH DENT MED,BUFFALO,NY 14214. Bebeau, MJ, UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH DENT,515 DELAWARE ST SE,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.Survey of ethical issues in dental researchJournal of Dental ResearchJ. Dent. Res.Survey of ethical issues in dental researchJournal of Dental ResearchJ. Dent. Res.Journal of Dental ResearchJ. Dent. Res.845-8557521996Feb0022-0345ISI:A1996UP05400019English[10]Indicate the number of IADR/AADR members you have observed/experienced exhibiting X within the last 5 yearsFalsifying or "cooking" research data3022Failing to present data that contradict one's own previous research5123Overlooking others' use of flawed data or questionable interpretation of data7224Failure to correct misinterpretation of data5925Keeping research findings secret for several years3026Failure to share data, methods and/or cultures that would enable others to re-examine/replicate or conduct further research4427Failure to present negative results of corporate-sponsored research4128Rankin,
1997 ADDIN EN.CITE Rankin199782828217Rankin, M.Esteves, M. D.Perceptions of scientific misconduct in nursingNursing ResearchNursing ResearchNurs. Res.270-6465NursingScientific researchMisconductPerceptions1997Sep/Oct0029-6562[11]Are you aware that another faculty member had XCheated on a research project35.229May,
1998 ADDIN EN.CITE May199810510510517May, CarlCampbell, StephenDoyle, HelenResearch misconduct: A pilot study of British addiction researchersAddiction ResearchAddiction Research 371-373641998Aug 1998,Peer Reviewed Journal: 2000-14302-006.[12]In the preceding four years, have you direct personal knowledge of XMisrepresentation or fabrication of data or results33.330Ranstam, 2000 ADDIN EN.CITE Ranstam200053535317Ranstam, J.Buyse, M.George, S. L.Evans, S.Geller, N. L.Scherrer, B.Lesaffre, E.Murray, G.Edler, L.Hutton, J. L.Colton, T.Lachenbruch, P.Fraud, Iscb SubcommMalmo Univ, Sch Hlth & Soc, SE-20506 Malmo, Sweden. Int Inst Drug Dev, Brussels, Belgium. Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Med Control Agcy, London, England. NHLBI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Inst Rech Jouvenail, Paris, France. Ctr Biostat, Louvain, Belgium. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. German Canc Res Ctr, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ranstam, J, Malmo Univ, Sch Hlth & Soc, SE-20506 Malmo, Sweden.Fraud in medical research: An international survey of biostatisticiansControlled Clinical TrialsControlled Clin. TrialsFraud in medical research: An international survey of biostatisticiansControlled Clinical TrialsControlled Clin. TrialsControlled Clinical TrialsControlled Clin. Trials415-4272152000Oct0197-2456ISI:000089699200001English[13]Do you know of any project in your personal proximity in which X occurred during the last 10 yearsFabrication or falsification of data, suppression or selective deletion of data, deceptive design or analysis, deceptive reporting of results, other5131Have you been engaged in a project in which X was about to take place during the last 10 yearsFabrication or falsification of data, suppression or selective deletion of data, deceptive design or analysis, deceptive reporting of results, other3132Geggie, 2001 ADDIN EN.CITE Geggie200126262617Geggie, D.Arrowe Pk Hosp, Dept Accid & Emergency, Wirral CH49 5PE, Merseyside, England. Geggie, D, Arrowe Pk Hosp, Dept Accid & Emergency, Arrowe Pk Rd,Upton, Wirral CH49 5PE, Merseyside, England.A survey of newly appointed consultants' attitudes towards research fraudJournal of Medical EthicsJ. Med. EthicsA survey of newly appointed consultants' attitudes towards research fraudJournal of Medical EthicsJ. Med. EthicsJournal of Medical EthicsJ. Med. Ethics344-3462752001Oct0306-6800ISI:000171394500014English[14]Do you have first hand knowledge of scientists intentionally X for the purpose of publicationAltering or fabricating data10.833Meyer,
2004 ADDIN EN.CITE Meyer200414014014017Meyer, Michael J.McMahon, DaveAn examination of Ethical research Conduct by Experienced and Novice Accounting AcademicsIssues in Accounting EducationIssues in Accounting Education413-4421942004[15]Indicate first hand knowledge of XFalsify data15.334Alter data to conform to a certain theory or to increase statistical significance27.335Fail to report contrary data and/or results in a manuscript69.336Immediately destroy the original database that a study is based upon and, therefore, cannot be used to reconstruct the findings6.837Gardner,
2005 ADDIN EN.CITE Gardner200525252517Gardner, W.Lidz, C. W.Hartwig, K. C.Ohio State Univ, Childrens Res Inst, Off Clin Sci, Columbus, OH 43205 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Pediat, Columbus, OH 43205 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Ctr Mental Hlth Serv Res, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Res Hlth Care, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Gardner, W, Ohio State Univ, Childrens Res Inst, Off Clin Sci, 700 Childrens Dr,Suite 1401, Columbus, OH 43205 USA. gardnerw@pediatrics.ohio-state.eduAuthors' reports about research integrity problems in clinical trialsContemporary Clinical TrialsContemp. Clin. TrialsAuthors' reports about research integrity problems in clinical trialsContemporary Clinical TrialsContemp. Clin. TrialsContemporary Clinical TrialsContemp. Clin. Trials244-2512622005Apr1551-7144ISI:000229144700011English[16]Is there X in a study during the past 10 years that you know personally aboutFabricated or falsified data7.838Deleted data in an unjustified way6.239Deceptive or misleading report of design7.240Deceptive or misleading report of data7.241Seriously misleading interpretation of results6.543At least one of the above17.444Kattenbraker
2007 ADDIN EN.CITE Kattenbraker200715915915932Kattenbraker, Mark. S.Ogletree, Roberta J. Health Education Research and Publication: Ethical Considerations and the Response of Health EducatorsDepartment of Health Education and Recreation178Ph.D2007CarbondaleSouthern Illinois University[17]Have you ever witnessed X firsthandFabrication of data, e.g., making up results8.545Falsification of data, e.g., changing or omitting data points in a study13.146Using inadequate or inappropriate research designs, e.g., selecting a research design because of researcher familiarity versus a design appropriate to the study's purpose39.247Failing to present data that contradict one's own previous research7.848Changing the design, methodology or results of a study in response to pressure from a funding source, e.g., funding source expects certain results so some data are omitted7.849Purposely overlooking others' use of flawed data or questionable interpretation of data22.250Dropping observations or data points from analyses based on a "gut feeling" that they were inaccurate20.351Unnecessarily changing the research design while a study is underway, e.g., switching from qualitative to quantitative methods after data collection has begun11.852Choosing a statistical technique for its ability to provide a more favorable outcome45.853Reporting only significant findings in published research58.854Titus,
2008 ADDIN EN.CITE Titus200813613613617Titus, Sandra L.Wells, James A.Rhoades, Lawrence J.Repairing research integrityNatureNature980-9824532008[18]In the past three academic years, how many times have you observed or had direct evidence of researchers in your department (or equivalent organizational unit) allegedly committing XFalsification or Fabrication5.2
Abbreviations: Num = is a progressive number given to each separate question, for reference purposes., %yes is the number of respondents who replied affirmatively.
ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1. Tangney JP (1987) Fraud will out ? Or will it? New Scientist 115: 62-63.
2. Lock S (1988) Misconduct in medical research: does it exist in Britain? British Medical Journal 297: 1531-1535.
3. Simmons RL, Polk HCJ, Williams B, Mavroudis C (1991) Misconduct and fraud in research: social and legislative issues symposium of the Society of University Surgeons. Surgery 110: 1-7.
4. Kalichman MW, Friedman PJ (1992) A pilot study of biomedical trainees' perceptions concerning research ethics. Academic Medicine 67: 769-775.
5. Swazey J, Anderson M, Karen L (1993) Ethical problems in academic research. American Scientist 81: 542-553.
6. Greenberg M, Goldberg L (1994) Ethical challenges to risk scientists: an exploratory analysis of survey data. Science, Technology, and Human Values 19: 223-241.
7. Glick JL (1993) Perceptions concerning research integrity and the practice of data audit in the biotechnology industry. Account Res 3: 187-195.
8. Glick LJ, Shamoo AE (1994) Results of a survey on research practices, completed by attendees at the third conference on research policies and quality assurance. Accountability in Research 3: 275-280.
9. Eastwood S, Derish P, Leash E, Ordway S (1996) Ethical issues in biomedical research: perceptions and practices of postdoctoral research fellows responding to a survey. Science and Engineering Ethics 2: 89-114.
10. Bebeau MJ, Davis EL (1996) Survey of ethical issues in dental research. Journal of Dental Research 75: 845-855.
11. Rankin M, Esteves MD (1997) Perceptions of scientific misconduct in nursing. Nursing Research 46: 270-276.
12. May C, Campbell S, Doyle H (1998) Research misconduct: A pilot study of British addiction researchers. Addiction Research 6: 371-373.
13. Ranstam J, Buyse M, George SL, Evans S, Geller NL, et al. (2000) Fraud in medical research: an international survey of biostatisticians. Controlled Clinical Trials 21: 415-427.
14. Geggie D (2001) A survey of newly appointed consultants' attitudes towards research fraud. Journal of Medical Ethics 27: 344-346.
15. Meyer MJ, McMahon D (2004) An examination of ethical research conduct by experienced and novice accounting academics. Issues in Accounting Education 19: 413-442.
16. Gardner W, Lidz CW, Hartwig KC (2005) Authors' reports about research integrity problems in clinical trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials 26: 244-251.
17. Kattenbraker MS (2007) Health education research and publication: ethical considerations and the response of health educators. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. Doctoral thesis.
18. Titus SL, Wells JA, Rhoades LJ (2008) Repairing research integrity. Nature 453: 980-982.
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