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David Gustine, Perry Barboza, Layne Adams, Brad Griffith, Raymond Cameron, Kenneth Whitten
Advancing the match-mismatch framework for large herbivores in the Arctic: Evaluating the evidence for a trophic mismatch in caribou
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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3.2258 0 Td
(daily)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.1307 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(summer)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(11C)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(daily)Tj
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(maximums)Tj
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(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
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-34.8489 -1.2983 Td
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2.0919 0 Td
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3.7757 0 Td
(mountainsides)Tj
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1.4456 0 Td
(sparsely)Tj
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2.5229 0 Td
(scrub)Tj
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(vegetation)Tj
4.3426 0 Td
(whereas)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(mesic)Tj
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(sites)Tj
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(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
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1.4683 0 Td
(valleys)Tj
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(tussock)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(tundra)Tj
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(acidic)Tj
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(soils)Tj
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3.1918 0 Td
(cottongrass,)Tj
5.0229 0 Td
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1.7292 0 Td
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(sedges)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(\()Tj
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[()-2()16()20()1()]TJ
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2.8857 0 Td
(spp.\),)Tj
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(typically)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
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(fruticose)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
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1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(understory)Tj
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(36)Tj
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(].)Tj
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3.2031 0 Td
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2.6872 0 Td
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4.354 0 Td
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(area.)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
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(regu-)Tj
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(monitoring)Tj
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(5,000)Tj
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(70,000)Tj
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(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(2010)Tj
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(37)Tj
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1.5533 0 Td
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1.5421 0 Td
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3.4072 0 Td
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1.0262 0 Td
(22,000)Tj
2.8232 0 Td
(\(Alaska)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(Department)Tj
5.091 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
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1.9049 0 Td
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(unpublished)Tj
5.2044 0 Td
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1.9899 0 Td
(herd)Tj
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3.5603 0 Td
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2.007 0 Td
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2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Brooks)Tj
3.0388 0 Td
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(and)Tj
-34.2649 -1.3039 Td
(calves)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(early)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(June)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5319 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(Colville)Tj
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1.7348 0 Td
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1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
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3.1634 0 Td
(Plain)Tj
2.279 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(38)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
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-34.4747 -1.2983 Td
(parturition)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(occurred)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(17)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(June)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(34)Tj
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(,)Tj
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1.7405 0 Td
(37)Tj
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(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
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1.2642 0 Td
(summer)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
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4.6091 0 Td
(caribou)Tj
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1.304 0 Td
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(out)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(areas)Tj
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(that)Tj
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(harassment)Tj
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(insects.)Tj
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2.6249 0 Td
(senesce,)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(move)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(south)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
(fall)Tj
1.4344 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(winter)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(ranges)Tj
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(in)Tj
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(the)Tj
-35.3421 -1.3039 Td
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(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
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(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(northern)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(southern)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(slopes)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(Brooks)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
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([)Tj
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(39)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
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BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
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2.8582 0 Td
(scale)Tj
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(characteristics)Tj
6.5386 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0441 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5969 0 Td
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3.6709 0 Td
(season)Tj
3.4063 0 Td
(\(19702013\))Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 291.0047 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(document)Tj
4.2973 0 Td
(long-term)Tj
4.2463 0 Td
(trends)Tj
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1.0374 0 Td
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(and)Tj
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1.0148 0 Td
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1.4683 0 Td
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(the)Tj
-34.8489 -1.2982 Td
(central)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(Alaskan)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(Arctic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(1)Tj
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(\),)Tj
1.2585 0 Td
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1.3323 0 Td
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(monthly)Tj
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(temperatures)Tj
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(19702013)Tj
4.5467 0 Td
(to)Tj
-34.6334 -1.3039 Td
(assess)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.1307 0 Td
(trends)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(estimate)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6385 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(thaw,)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(freeze,)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
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1.7348 0 Td
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(of)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
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-33.0971 -1.2983 Td
(season)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(year)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(ecoregion.)Tj
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3.6907 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.1306 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
(extracted)Tj
3.8835 0 Td
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2.2053 0 Td
(subsets)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.2945 -1.2983 Td
(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(ecoregion)Tj
4.1556 0 Td
(along)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Sagavanirktok)Tj
5.9017 0 Td
(River)Tj
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(\(approx.)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(80)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(wide\))Tj
2.4662 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(downscaled)Tj
4.9039 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(sets)Tj
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(derived)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(historical)Tj
3.9231 0 Td
(observations)Tj
5.2611 0 Td
(\(19702009;)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(CRUTS3.1;)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
4.7281 0 Td
(http://www.snap.uaf.ed)Tj
9.3203 0 Td
(u/data.)Tj
-33.7604 -1.2982 Td
(php)Tj
0 g
(\))Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(observations)Tj
5.261 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(Natural)Tj
3.2711 0 Td
(Resources)Tj
4.235 0 Td
(Conservation)Tj
5.6069 0 Td
(Service's)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(SNOTEL)Tj
3.9004 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.0111 -1.2983 Td
(northern)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(Alaska)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
([20002013;)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(Prudhoe)Tj
3.6623 0 Td
(Bay)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(\(1177\),)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(Sagwon)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(\(1183\),)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Imnaviat)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(Creek)Tj
2.5966 0 Td
(\(968\);)Tj
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-34.6845 -1.3039 Td
(http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/sn)Tj
13.232 0 Td
(otel/Alaska/alaska.html)Tj
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(\).)Tj
10.0969 0 Td
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2.5172 0 Td
(monthly)Tj
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(temperatures)Tj
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(were)Tj
-34.9622 -1.2983 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(describe)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(monthly)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(trends)Tj
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(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(MaySeptember)Tj
7.183 0 Td
(19702013.)Tj
-25.4833 -1.2983 Td
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1.3379 0 Td
(estimate)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(of)Tj
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(thaw)Tj
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(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(freeze)Tj
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(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(year)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(ecoregion,)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(regressed)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(the)Tj
-33.3692 -1.2982 Td
(monthly)Tj
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(mean)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
(temperatures)Tj
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(January)Tj
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1.0262 0 Td
(June)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(\(day)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(thaw\))Tj
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(July)Tj
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(to)Tj
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(December)Tj
4.3484 0 Td
(\(day)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.51 -1.3039 Td
(freeze\);)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(fractional)Tj
4.0366 0 Td
(month)Tj
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(when)Tj
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(monthly)Tj
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(mean)Tj
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(0C;)Tj
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(and)Tj
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(multi-)Tj
-33.7377 -1.2983 Td
(plied)Tj
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(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(365.24)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(estimate)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6385 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(year)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(when)Tj
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0 Tc
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(0C\))Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(freeze)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0 Tc
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(0C\))Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(occurred)Tj
-32.9043 -1.2983 Td
(\(similar)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0205 0 Td
(http://ckan.snap.uaf.)Tj
8.2204 0 Td
(edu/dataset/historical-derived-dof-)Tj
13.986 0 Td
(dot-logs-771m-cru-ts)Tj
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(\).)Tj
9.326 0 Td
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-35.8807 -1.3039 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6736 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(length)Tj
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(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
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(growing)Tj
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(season)Tj
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1.6951 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6327 0 Td
(of)Tj
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(thaw)Tj
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(subtracted)Tj
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(from)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(day)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(of)Tj
-34.4293 -1.2982 Td
(freeze)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(year)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(40)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Linear)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(regression,)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
(95%)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(confidence)Tj
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(intervals)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(slopes,)Tj
2.8629 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(coefficients)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 474.633 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Caribou)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(,)Tj
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