About the Authors

Hirokazu Toju

toju.hirokazu.4c@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Affiliation Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan

Osamu Kishida

Affiliation Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aza-Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan

Noboru Katayama

Affiliation Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

Kentaro Takagi

Affiliation Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aza-Toikanbetsu 131, Horonobe-cho, Teshio-gun, Hokkaido, Japan

Competing Interests

We declare that we have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: HT. Data curation: HT. Formal analysis: HT. Funding acquisition: HT. Investigation: HT OK NK KT. Methodology: HT. Project administration: HT. Software: HT. Supervision: HT. Validation: HT. Visualization: HT. Writing – original draft: HT. Writing – review & editing: HT OK NK KT.