About the Authors

Sarah M. Douglas

Affiliations Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lon M. Chubiz

Current address: Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

William R. Harcombe

Current address: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

F. Marty Ytreberg

Affiliations Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America

Christopher J. Marx

cmarx@uidaho.edu

Affiliations Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SMD WRH FMY CJM. Performed the experiments: SMD LMC. Analyzed the data: SMD LMC WRH FMY CJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SMD LMC WRH. Wrote the paper: SMD LMC WRH FMY CJM.