About the Authors

Harlan M. Krumholz

harlan.krumholz@yale.edu

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America

Angela Hsieh

Current address: Genentech, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America

Rachel P. Dreyer

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America

John Welsh

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America

Nihar R. Desai

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America

Kumar Dharmarajan

Affiliations Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Dr. Krumholz chairs a cardiac scientific advisory board for United Health and is the recipient of research agreements from Medtronic and from Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), through Yale University, to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing. Drs Krumholz and Dharmarajan work under contract to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain hospital performance measures. Dr. Dharmarajan serves on a scientific advisory board for Clover Health. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HMK. Performed the experiments: HMK AH RPD JW NRD KD. Analyzed the data: AH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HMK. Wrote the paper: HMK AH RPD JW NRD KD.