About the Authors

Heather L. Ullinger

Contributed equally to this work with: Heather L. Ullinger, Marla J. Kennedy, William H. Schneider IV, Christopher M. Miller

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America

Marla J. Kennedy

Contributed equally to this work with: Heather L. Ullinger, Marla J. Kennedy, William H. Schneider IV, Christopher M. Miller

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America

William H. Schneider IV

Contributed equally to this work with: Heather L. Ullinger, Marla J. Kennedy, William H. Schneider IV, Christopher M. Miller

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America

Christopher M. Miller

Contributed equally to this work with: Heather L. Ullinger, Marla J. Kennedy, William H. Schneider IV, Christopher M. Miller

cmmiller@uakron.edu

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HLU MJK CMM WHS. Performed the experiments: HLU. Analyzed the data: HLU MJK CMM WHS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HLU MJK CMM WHS. Wrote the paper: HLU MJK CMM WHS.