About the Authors

Leonardo Potenza

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

mario.luppi@unimore.it (ML); leonardo.potenza@unimore.it (LP)

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Daniela Vallerini

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Patrizia Barozzi

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Giovanni Riva

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Andrea Gilioli

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Fabio Forghieri

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Anna Candoni

Affiliation Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy

Simone Cesaro

Affiliation Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy

Chiara Quadrelli

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Johan Maertens

Affiliation Department of Hematology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium

Giulio Rossi

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Monica Morselli

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Mauro Codeluppi

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Integrated Department of Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Cristina Mussini

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Integrated Department of Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Elisabetta Colaci

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Andrea Messerotti

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Ambra Paolini

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Monica Maccaferri

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Valeria Fantuzzi

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Cinzia Del Giovane

Affiliation Section of Statistics, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Alessandro Stefani

Affiliation Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Uliano Morandi

Affiliation Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Rossana Maffei

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Roberto Marasca

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Franco Narni

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Renato Fanin

Affiliation Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, Udine, Italy

Patrizia Comoli

Affiliation Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy

Luigina Romani

Affiliation Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Anne Beauvais

Affiliation Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institut, Paris, France

Pier Luigi Viale

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrologic Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Jean Paul Latgè

Affiliation Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institut, Paris, France

Russell E. Lewis

Contributed equally to this work with: Leonardo Potenza, Daniela Vallerini, Patrizia Barozzi, Giovanni Riva, Andrea Gilioli, Russell E. Lewis

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrologic Diseases, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Mario Luppi

mario.luppi@unimore.it (ML); leonardo.potenza@unimore.it (LP)

Affiliation Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy

Competing Interests

Mario Luppi received research funds from and served on the advisory board for Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp and Dome, and Pfizer; Leonardo Potenza received research funds and honoraria from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp and Dohme, and Pfizer. LP, PB, and ML have applied for a European and US patent regarding clinical applications of the ELISpot assay for the diagnosis of Aspergillus infection [PCT: WO2008/075395A3, EP2094295, IT2007/000867]. LP, DV, PB, FF, and ML have applied for an Italian patent regarding clinical applications of the ELISpot assay for the diagnosis of Mucorales infection (No. MI2010A002224). These do not alter the adherence of authors to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. All the other authors have no pertinent commercial relationships related to the manuscript. LP, DV, PB, FF, and ML have applied for an Italian patent regarding clinical applications of the ELISpot assay for the diagnosis of Mucorales infection (No. MI2010A002224). All the other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LP ML. Performed the experiments: DV PB G. Riva CQ. Analyzed the data: AG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: G. Rossi AP R. Maffei VF CDG AB JPL. Wrote the paper: LP ML AG. Enrolled patients: FF AC SC JM M. Morselli MC CM EC AM M. Maccaferri AS UM R. Marasca FN RF. Interpreted data: PC LR. Interpreted data and critically revised the manuscript: PLV REL.