About the Authors

Eric Siaw Ntiri

ensiaw@gmail.com

Affiliations International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Paul-Andre Calatayud

Affiliations International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, UMR IRD 247 Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

Johnnie Van Den Berg

Affiliation Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Fritz Schulthess

Affiliation Postfach 508, Chur, Switzerland

Bruno Pierre Le Ru

Affiliations International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, UMR IRD 247 Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BLR ESN PAC. Performed the experiments: ESN BLR. Analyzed the data: ESN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BLR ESN PAC. Wrote the paper: ESN BLR PAC JVDB FS.