About the Authors

R. Scott Cornman

rcornman@usgs.gov

Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, United States of America

Clint R. V. Otto

Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 8711 37th Street Southeast, Jamestown, ND, 58401, United States of America

Deborah Iwanowicz

Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, United States of America

Jeffery S. Pettis

Affiliation U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Bee Research Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RSC CRVO JSP DI. Performed the experiments: DI CRVO. Analyzed the data: RSC CRVO. Wrote the paper: RSC CRVO DI JSP.