About the Authors

Martin Bencsik

Martin.Bencsik@ntu.ac.uk

Affiliation Nottingham Trent University, NTU, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom

Yves Le Conte

Affiliation Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, France

Maritza Reyes

Affiliation Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, France

Maryline Pioz

Affiliation Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, France

David Whittaker

Affiliation Nottingham Trent University, NTU, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom

Didier Crauser

Affiliation Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, France

Noa Simon Delso

Affiliation Centre Apicole de Recherche et d'Information, CARI, 4, Place Croix du Sud, B-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

Michael I. Newton

Affiliation Nottingham Trent University, NTU, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MB YLC MIN. Performed the experiments: MB MR MP DW DC MIN. Analyzed the data: MB MP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DC NSD MR. Wrote the paper: MB YLC MR MP DW NSD MIN. Colony status analysis: MR DC.