About the Authors

Alena Kushniarevich

Contributed equally to this work with: Alena Kushniarevich, Olga Utevska

lkushniarevich@gmail.com (A. Kushniarevich); balanovsky@inbox.ru (OB)

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Olga Utevska

Contributed equally to this work with: Alena Kushniarevich, Olga Utevska

Affiliations Department of Genetics and Cytology, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkіv, Ukraine, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Marina Chuhryaeva

Affiliations Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Anastasia Agdzhoyan

Affiliations Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Khadizhat Dibirova

Affiliations Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Ingrida Uktveryte

Affiliation Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Märt Möls

Affiliation Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Lejla Mulahasanovic

Affiliations Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT GmbH), Tübingen, Deutschland, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Andrey Pshenichnov

Affiliation Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Svetlana Frolova

Affiliation Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Andrey Shanko

Affiliation Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Ene Metspalu

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Maere Reidla

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Kristiina Tambets

Affiliation Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia

Erika Tamm

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Sergey Koshel

Affiliation Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Valery Zaporozhchenko

Affiliations Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Lubov Atramentova

Affiliation Department of Genetics and Cytology, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkіv, Ukraine

Vaidutis Kučinskas

Affiliation Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Oleg Davydenko

Affiliation Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Olga Goncharova

Affiliation Institute of History, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Irina Evseeva

Affiliations Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangel, Russia

Michail Churnosov

Affiliation Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia

Elvira Pocheshchova

Affiliation Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia

Bayazit Yunusbayev

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia

Elza Khusnutdinova

Affiliations Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine of Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia

Damir Marjanović

Affiliations International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia

Pavao Rudan

Affiliation Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia

Siiri Rootsi

Affiliation Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia

Nick Yankovsky

Affiliation Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Phillip Endicott

Affiliation Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France

Alexei Kassian

Affiliations Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

Anna Dybo

Affiliation Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

The Genographic Consortium

Membership of the Genographic Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Chris Tyler-Smith

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambs, United Kingdom

Elena Balanovska

Affiliation Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Mait Metspalu

Affiliation Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia

Toomas Kivisild

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Richard Villems

‡ RV and OB are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia

Oleg Balanovsky

lkushniarevich@gmail.com (A. Kushniarevich); balanovsky@inbox.ru (OB)

‡ RV and OB are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Competing Interests

The authors' have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Co-author Toomas Kivisild is a PLOS ONE Academic Editor. Additionally, Lejla Mulahasanovic is employed by Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT GmbH). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RV OB A. Kushniarevich EB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EB LA LM M. Churnosov VK OD OG SK IE DM NY PR EP TGC EK. Wrote the paper: A. Kushniarevich OB OU. General sample management and quality control for whole genome SNP analysis: EM. Performed linguistic analysis and wrote S2: A. Kassian AD. Assisted in data gathering/representation: VZ SK. Editing of the manuscript: RV TK M. Metspalu CTS PE EB A. Kassian. Performed genotyping of the Y-chromosome: OU KD IU AP SF AS AA M. Chuhryaeva OB SR. Performed genotyping of mtDNA: OB EM KT MR ET AP. Analyzed Y-chromosome and mtDNA data: OU OB. Analyzed Whole genome SNP data: A. Kushniarevich M. Metspalu BY. Supervised the statistical analyses related to the IBD segments analysis: M. Möls.