About the Authors

Mary Yip

Affiliations Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom

M. Iqbal Saripan

Affiliation Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia

Kevin Wells

k.wells@surrey.ac.uk

Affiliation Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom

David A. Bradley

Affiliation Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DAB KW. Performed the experiments: MY MIS. Analyzed the data: MY MIS KW DAB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MIS. Wrote the paper: DAB MY KW MIS. Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken primarily by: MIS. Analysis and development of detector model was primarily undertaken by: MY. Development of initial ideas, validation experiments, guidance on research development and project coordination was undertaken by: KW DAB.