About the Authors

Nadja Steinmann

Affiliations Agroscope—Swiss Bee Research Center—Liebefeld, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland, Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland

Miguel Corona

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States of America

Peter Neumann

Affiliation Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland

Benjamin Dainat

benjamin.dainat@gmail.com

Affiliations Agroscope—Swiss Bee Research Center—Liebefeld, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland, Swiss Bee Health Service, apiservice, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BD. Performed the experiments: NS BD. Analyzed the data: NS PN BD MC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NS BD PN MC. Wrote the paper: NS PN MC BD.