About the Authors

Rutendo B. L. Zinyama-Gutsire

gutsirerbl@yahoo.com

Affiliations Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe, Letten Research Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe

Charles Chasela

Affiliation Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Hans O. Madsen

Affiliation Tissue typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Simbarashe Rusakaniko

Affiliations Letten Research Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe

Per Kallestrup

Affiliation Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Michael Christiansen

Affiliation Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

Exnevia Gomo

Affiliation Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Henrik Ullum

Affiliation Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Christian Erikstrup

Affiliation Tissue typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Shungu Munyati

Affiliation Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe

Edith N. Kurewa

Affiliations Letten Research Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe

Babill Stray-Pedersen

Affiliations Division of Women and Children, Rigshospitalet Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and Letten Research Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe

Peter Garred

Affiliation Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Takafira Mduluza

Affiliation University of Zimbabwe, Biochemistry Department, Harare, Zimbabwe, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RBLZG HOM PK EG HU SM ENK PG CE TM. Performed the experiments: RBLZG PG HOM. Analyzed the data: RBLZG PG HOM CC SR TM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RBLZG HOM PK EG HU SM SR ENK PG CE BSP TM. Wrote the paper: RBLZG PG CC SR MC TM.