About the Authors

Ludo Waltman

waltmanlr@cwts.leidenuniv.nl

Affiliation Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Anthony F. J. van Raan

Affiliation Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Sue Smart

Affiliation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Swindon, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LW AFJvR SS. Performed the experiments: LW. Analyzed the data: LW AFJvR SS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: LW AFJvR SS.