About the Authors

John Paul Ekwaru

Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Jennifer D. Zwicker

Affiliation School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Michael F. Holick

Affiliation Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edward Giovannucci

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Paul J. Veugelers

paul.veugelers@ualberta.ca

Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: JPE. Wrote the manuscript: PJV. Provided feedback and edited the manuscript: JPE JDZ MH EG. Conducted the literature review: JDZ. Conceived and designed the analytic approach: JPE MH EG PJV.