About the Authors

Ali Al-khattawi

Affiliations Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Hamad Alyami

Affiliation Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Bill Townsend

Affiliations School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Xianghong Ma

Affiliations School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Afzal R. Mohammed

a.u.r.mohammed@aston.ac.uk

Affiliations Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AAK ARM. Performed the experiments: AAK HA. Analyzed the data: AAK ARM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BT XM. Wrote the paper: AAK ARM.