About the Authors

Walter Karlen

Contributed equally to this work with: Walter Karlen, Heng Gan

walter.karlen@ieee.org

Affiliation Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Heng Gan

Contributed equally to this work with: Walter Karlen, Heng Gan

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Michelle Chiu

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Dustin Dunsmuir

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Guohai Zhou

Affiliation Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Guy A. Dumont

Affiliation Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

J. Mark Ansermino

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have no patents related to the presented topic. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JMA MC GD HG WK. Performed the experiments: MC. Analyzed the data: MC HG WK GZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DD HG WK. Wrote the paper: JMA MC GD DD HG WK GZ.