About the Authors

Koji Nabae

k-nabae@umin.ac.jp

Affiliations Field Epidemiology Training Program, Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Satoh

Affiliation Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Nishiura

Affiliation Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Keiko Tanaka-Taya

Affiliation Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Nobuhiko Okabe

Affiliations Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Kawasaki City Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan

Kazunori Oishi

Affiliation Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Kunichika Matsumoto

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Tomonori Hasegawa

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

Co-author H. Nishiura is PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KN HS HN KT NO KO KM TH. Performed the experiments: KN HS KT. Analyzed the data: KN HS HN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KN HS KT. Wrote the paper: KN HS HN KT NO KO KM TH.