About the Authors

Kristian M. Forbes

Affiliations Suonenjoki Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki, Finland, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

Peter Stuart

Affiliations Suonenjoki Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki, Finland, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Tapio Mappes

Affiliation Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

Katrine S. Hoset

Affiliation Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Heikki Henttonen

Affiliation Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, Finland

Otso Huitu

otso.huitu@metla.fi

Affiliation Suonenjoki Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki, Finland

Competing Interests

Tapio Mappes is a PLOS ONE editorial board member. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE editorial policies and criteria.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KF PS TM HH OH. Performed the experiments: KF PS TM OH. Analyzed the data: KF KH OH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TM OH. Wrote the paper: KF PS TM KH HH OH.