About the Authors
- Nicole E. Basta
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* E-mail: nbasta@princeton.edu
Affiliations Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America, Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- James M. Stuart
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Maria C. Nascimento
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Olivier Manigart
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Caroline Trotter
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Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Musa Hassan-King
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Daniel Chandramohan
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Samba O. Sow
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Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
- Abdoulaye Berthe
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Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
- Ahmed Bedru
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Affiliation Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Yenenesh K. Tekletsion
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Affiliations Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jean-Marc Collard
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Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Yantala, Niamey, Niger
- Jean-François Jusot
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Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Yantala, Niamey, Niger
- Aldiouma Diallo
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Affiliation Instiutut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
- Hubert Basséne
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Affiliation Instiutut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
- Doumagoum M. Daugla
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Affiliation Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad
- Khadidja Gamougam
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Affiliation Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad
- Abraham Hodgson
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Affiliation Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
- Abudulai A. Forgor
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Affiliation War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
- Babatunji A. Omotara
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Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
- Galadima B. Gadzama
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Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
- Eleanor R. Watkins
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Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lisa S. Rebbetts
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Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kanny Diallo
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Affiliations Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Noel S. Weiss
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Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- M. Elizabeth Halloran
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Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Martin C. J. Maiden
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Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Brian Greenwood
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Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: NEB JMS MCN OM CT MHK DC MCJM BG. Performed the experiments: SOS AB AB YKT JMC JFJ AD HB DMD KG AH AAF BAO GBG ERW LSR KD. Analyzed the data: NEB. Wrote the manuscript: NEB JMS. Contributed to interpretation of the data: NEB JMS CT NSW MEH BG. Critically revised the manuscript: MCN OM CT MHK DC SOS AB AB YKT JMC JFJ AD HB DMD KG AH AAF BAO GBG ERW LSR KD NSW MEH MCJM BG.