About the Authors

Nicole E. Basta

nbasta@princeton.edu

Affiliations Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America, Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

James M. Stuart

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Maria C. Nascimento

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Olivier Manigart

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Caroline Trotter

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Musa Hassan-King

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Daniel Chandramohan

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Samba O. Sow

Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali

Abdoulaye Berthe

Affiliation Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali

Ahmed Bedru

Affiliation Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Yenenesh K. Tekletsion

Affiliations Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jean-Marc Collard

Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Yantala, Niamey, Niger

Jean-François Jusot

Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Yantala, Niamey, Niger

Aldiouma Diallo

Affiliation Instiutut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Hubert Basséne

Affiliation Instiutut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Doumagoum M. Daugla

Affiliation Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad

Khadidja Gamougam

Affiliation Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad

Abraham Hodgson

Affiliation Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

Abudulai A. Forgor

Affiliation War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana

Babatunji A. Omotara

Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Galadima B. Gadzama

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Eleanor R. Watkins

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Lisa S. Rebbetts

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kanny Diallo

Affiliations Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Noel S. Weiss

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

M. Elizabeth Halloran

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Martin C. J. Maiden

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Brian Greenwood

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NEB JMS MCN OM CT MHK DC MCJM BG. Performed the experiments: SOS AB AB YKT JMC JFJ AD HB DMD KG AH AAF BAO GBG ERW LSR KD. Analyzed the data: NEB. Wrote the manuscript: NEB JMS. Contributed to interpretation of the data: NEB JMS CT NSW MEH BG. Critically revised the manuscript: MCN OM CT MHK DC SOS AB AB YKT JMC JFJ AD HB DMD KG AH AAF BAO GBG ERW LSR KD NSW MEH MCJM BG.