About the Authors

Justen Manasa

jmanasa@gmail.com

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Richard J. Lessells

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Andrew Skingsley

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Kevindra K. Naidu

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Marie-Louise Newell

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Nuala McGrath

Contributed equally to this work with: Nuala McGrath, Tulio de Oliveira

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, and Division of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Tulio de Oliveira

Contributed equally to this work with: Nuala McGrath, Tulio de Oliveira

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors would like to confirm that co-author Marie-Louise Newell is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JM RJL AS KKN MLN TdO. Performed the experiments: JM TdO. Analyzed the data: JM RJL NM TdO. Wrote the paper: JM RJL NM TdO.