About the Authors

Yichuan Liu

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jane F. Ferguson

Affiliation Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Chenyi Xue

Affiliation Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Ian M. Silverman

Affiliation Department of Biology, Perelman School of Medicine and School of Arts and Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Brian Gregory

Affiliation Department of Biology, Perelman School of Medicine and School of Arts and Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Muredach P. Reilly

Contributed equally to this work with: Muredach P. Reilly, Mingyao Li

mingyao@mail.med.upenn.edu (ML); muredach@mail.med.upenn.edu (MPR)

Affiliation Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mingyao Li

Contributed equally to this work with: Muredach P. Reilly, Mingyao Li

mingyao@mail.med.upenn.edu (ML); muredach@mail.med.upenn.edu (MPR)

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ML MPR. Performed the experiments: JFF IMS BG. Analyzed the data: YL CX ML. Wrote the paper: ML YL MR.