About the Authors

W. Alan C. Mutch

wacmutch@shaw.ca

Affiliation Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Daniel M. Mandell

Affiliation Department of Medical Imaging, Neuroradiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Joseph A. Fisher

Affiliation Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

David J. Mikulis

Affiliation Department of Medical Imaging, Neuroradiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Adrian P. Crawley

Affiliation Department of Medical Imaging, Neuroradiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Olivia Pucci

Affiliation Thornhill Research Inc., University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

James Duffin

Affiliation Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Gas control used to enable this study was via a computerized gas blender (RespirAct™, Thornhill Research Inc., Toronto, Canada) custom built for the University Health Network to enable such research. TRI is a for profit spin off of the University Health Network. JAF, DJM and JD are inventors of the RespirAct™ and shareholders in TRI. Should the RespirAct™ become a commercial product, JAF, DJM and JD could gain financially. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WACM DMM JAF JD. Performed the experiments: DJM APC OP. Analyzed the data: WACM DMM APC OP JD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: OP JD. Wrote the paper: WACM DMM JAF DJM APC JD.