About the Authors

Alexander M. Zöllner

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Oscar J. Abilez

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Markus Böl

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

Ellen Kuhl

ekuhl@stanford.edu

Affiliation Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: OJA EK. Performed the experiments: EK. Analyzed the data: EK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AZ MB. Wrote the paper: EK. Created the muscle model: MB.