About the Authors
- Michael J. Twiner
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* E-mail: mtwiner@umd.umich.edu
Affiliations Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
- Leanne J. Flewelling
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Affiliation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Spencer E. Fire
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Affiliation Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Sabrina R. Bowen-Stevens
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Affiliations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, United States of America, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Joseph K. Gaydos
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Affiliation Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Christine K. Johnson
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Affiliation Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Jan H. Landsberg
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Affiliation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Tod A. Leighfield
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Affiliation Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Blair Mase-Guthrie
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Affiliation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Lori Schwacke
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Affiliation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Cooperative Center for Marine Animal Health, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Frances M. Van Dolah
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Affiliation Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Zhihong Wang
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Affiliation Marine Biotoxins Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Teresa K. Rowles
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Affiliation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Cooperative Center for Marine Animal Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MJT LJF SRB-S JHL TAL BM-G LS FMV TKR. Performed the experiments: MJT LJF SRB-S TAL BM-G ZW. Analyzed the data: MJT LJF SF SRB-S JKG CKJ TAL LS FMV ZW. Wrote the paper: MJT LJF SF.