About the Authors

Calandra Q. Stanley

Contributed equally to this work with: Calandra Q. Stanley, Maggie MacPherson

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Maggie MacPherson

Contributed equally to this work with: Calandra Q. Stanley, Maggie MacPherson

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kevin C. Fraser

fraserkev@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Emily A. McKinnon

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Bridget J. M. Stutchbury

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CS MM KF EM BS. Performed the experiments: CS MM KF EM BS. Analyzed the data: CS MM KF EM BS. Wrote the paper: CS MM KF EM BS.