About the Authors
- Philip J. Dutton
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Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Lynne K. Warrander
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Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Stephen A. Roberts
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Affiliation Health Sciences – Methodology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Giovanna Bernatavicius
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Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Louise M. Byrd
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Affiliation Department of Obstetrics, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- David Gaze
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Affiliation Department of Chemical Pathology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
- Josh Kroll
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Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Rebecca L. Jones
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Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Colin P. Sibley
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Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- J. Frederik Frøen
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Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Alexander E. P. Heazell
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* E-mail: alexander.heazell@manchester.ac.uk
Affiliations Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Department of Obstetrics, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AH SR LB RJ CS JF. Performed the experiments: AH LW RJ GB PD DG. Analyzed the data: AH SR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DG AH CS. Wrote the paper: PD LW SR GB LB DG RJ JK CS JF AH. Database management and data validation: JK.