About the Authors

Ying Cheng

Affiliation Division of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Adia Thomas

Affiliation Division of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Feras Mardini

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Shannon L. Bianchi

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Junxia X. Tang

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jun Peng

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Huafeng Wei

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Maryellen F. Eckenhoff

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Roderic G. Eckenhoff

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Richard J. Levy

rlevy@cnmc.org

Affiliation Division of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RJL RGE. Performed the experiments: YC AT FM SLB JXT JP HW. Analyzed the data: RJL RGE MFE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RJL RGE MFE. Wrote the paper: RJL RGE.