About the Authors

Charles W. Knapp

Contributed equally to this work with: Charles W. Knapp, Seánín M. McCluskey

charles.knapp@strath.ac.uk.

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Seánín M. McCluskey

Contributed equally to this work with: Charles W. Knapp, Seánín M. McCluskey

Affiliation Department of Civil Engineering, David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Brajesh K. Singh

Affiliation Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia

Colin D. Campbell

Affiliations The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Gordon Hudson

Affiliation The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

David W. Graham

Affiliation School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BKS DWG CWK. Performed the experiments: CWK SMM GH. Analyzed the data: CWK SMM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CDC GH BKS. Wrote the paper: SMM CWK DWG BKS. Contributed by reviewing the manuscript and making corrections: CWK SMM BKS CDC GH DWK.