About the Authors

Laurent Gauthier

laurent.gauthier@alp.admin.ch

Affiliations Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, Bern, Switzerland, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR 1231, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France

Marc Ravallec

Affiliation Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR 1231, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France

Magali Tournaire

Affiliation Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France

François Cousserans

Affiliation Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR 1231, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France

Max Bergoin

Affiliation Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR 1231, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France

Benjamin Dainat

Affiliation Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, Bern, Switzerland

Joachim R. de Miranda

Affiliations School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LG. Performed the experiments: LG MR MT. Analyzed the data: LG BD JdM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FC MB. Wrote the paper: LG JdM.