About the Authors

John Lees

Affiliation Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Robert Nudds

Affiliation Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Karl-Arne Stokkan

Affiliation Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

Lars Folkow

Affiliation Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

Jonathan Codd

jonathan.codd@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliation Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JC. Performed the experiments: JL RN JC. Analyzed the data: JL RN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KAS LP JC. Wrote the paper: JL RN LP KAS JC.