About the Authors

Takahiro Irie

irie@bio-math10.biology.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Affiliation Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Kazuhiro Bessho

Affiliation Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Helen S. Findlay

Affiliation Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Piero Calosi

Affiliation Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Wrote the paper: TI HSF PC. Conceived and designed the model: TI KB. Analyzed the model: TI KB HSF.