About the Authors

Marian C. Bruce

m.bruce@bio.gla.ac.uk

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Allan Macheso

Affiliation Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi

Louise A. Kelly-Hope

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Standwell Nkhoma

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Alex McConnachie

Affiliation Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Glasgow University, University Avenue, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Malcolm E. Molyneux

Affiliations Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MB AM MEM. Performed the experiments: MB AM SN. Analyzed the data: MB LAKH SN AM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MB MEM. Wrote the paper: MB LAKH AM MEM.