About the Authors

Andrew Yates

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ayates2@emory.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Frederik Graw

Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Daniel L. Barber

Affiliation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Rafi Ahmed

Affiliation Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Roland R. Regoes

Affiliation Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Rustom Antia

Affiliation Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Identified the issue with the earlier treatment of the data: A Yates, R Antia. Developed the paired measurement method: A Yates, R Antia. Helped identify the issue with the earlier treatment of the data: R Regoes. Contributed the bias analysis: R Regoes, F Graw. Contributed to the development of the new method: R Regoes, F Graw. Supplied the data: D Barber, R Ahmed. Contributed many helpful discussions on the killing assay: D Barber, R Ahmed. Performed the analyses: A Yates. Wrote the first draft of the paper: A Yates.