About the Authors

Eleonora Castelletti

Affiliation Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Sergio Lo Caputo

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Clinic, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, Antella, Firenze, Italy

Louise Kuhn

Affiliation Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Manuela Borelli

Affiliation Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Johanna Gajardo

Affiliation Laboratory of Retroviral and Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Development, IRD/UR178, Montpellier, France

Moses Sinkala

Affiliation Lusaka District Health Management Team, Lusaka, Zambia

Daria Trabattoni

Affiliation Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Chipepo Kankasa

Affiliation University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Eleonora Lauri

Affiliation Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Alberto Clivio

Affiliation Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Luca Piacentini

Affiliation Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Dorothy H. Bray

Affiliation ImmunoClin, London, United Kingdom

Grace M. Aldrovandi

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Donald M. Thea

Affiliation Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Francisco Veas

Affiliation Laboratory of Retroviral and Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Development, IRD/UR178, Montpellier, France

Manuela Nebuloni

Affiliation Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

Francesco Mazzotta

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Clinic, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, Antella, Firenze, Italy

Mario Clerici

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mario.clerici@unimi.it

Affiliation Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MC FM EC DB. Performed the experiments: LP DT AC EC LK MB MN. Analyzed the data: MC LP DT EC LK MB MN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AC SL FM MS GA CK DT LK JG EL FV MN. Wrote the paper: MC. Other: Designed the study: MC. Wrote the first draft of the paper: MC.