About the Authors

Arndt Telschow

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a.telschow@ ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Affiliations Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

Matthias Flor

Affiliation Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

Yutaka Kobayashi

Affiliation Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Peter Hammerstein

Affiliation Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

John H. Werren

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PH AT. Wrote the paper: JW MF AT. Other: Designed the model: JW AT. Analyzed the model: YK AT. Performed computer simulations: MF AT.