About the Authors

Debbie A. Lawlor

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliation The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom

Susan Morton

Affiliation School of Population Health and Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

G. David Batty

Affiliations MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland

Sally Macintyre

Affiliation MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

Heather Clark

Affiliation The Dugald Baird Centre for Research on Women's Health, University of Aberdeen, Scotland

George Davey Smith

Affiliation The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DL GD DB SM SM HC. Performed the experiments: DL. Analyzed the data: DL. Wrote the paper: DL GD DB SM SM HC.