About the Authors

Leonid I. Brodsky

Affiliation Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

Abdus S. Wahed

Affiliation Epidemiology Data Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jia Li

Affiliation Epidemiology Data Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

John E. Tavis

Affiliation Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Takuma Tsukahara

Affiliation Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America

Milton W. Taylor

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: taylor@indiana.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MT LB. Performed the experiments: MT. Analyzed the data: MT JT AW JL LB TT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TT. Wrote the paper: MT JT LB. Other: Confirmed statistical analysis: JL AW.