About the Authors

Jessica Hartman Jacobs

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Cécile Viboud

Affiliation Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joel Schwartz

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Claudia Steiner

Affiliation Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Lone Simonsen

Affiliations Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

mlipsitc@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

JHJ, CV, JS, ETT, CS, and LS have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures to declare. ML declares consulting income/honoraria from Pfizer, Novartis, and AIR Worldwide. All of these relationships are no longer active. He has research support via his employer from Pfizer and PATH Vaccine Solutions. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ML ETT JHJ CV JS LS. Performed the experiments: JHJ. Analyzed the data: JHJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS. Wrote the paper: ML ETT JHJ CV JS LS CS.