About the Authors

Michela Garofalo

Contributed equally to this work with: Michela Garofalo, Young-Jun Jeon

carlo.croce@osumc.edu (CC); michela.garofalo@osumc.edu (MG)

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Young-Jun Jeon

Contributed equally to this work with: Michela Garofalo, Young-Jun Jeon

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Gerard J. Nuovo

Affiliations Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America, Phylogeny, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Justin Middleton

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Paola Secchiero

Affiliation Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Pooja Joshi

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Hansjuerg Alder

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Natalya Nazaryan

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Gianpiero Di Leva

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Giulia Romano

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Melissa Crawford

Affiliation Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Patrick Nana-Sinkam

Affiliation Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Carlo M. Croce

carlo.croce@osumc.edu (CC); michela.garofalo@osumc.edu (MG)

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

GJN is an employee of Phylogeny, Inc. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MG. Performed the experiments: MG YJJ GJN JM PJ NN GDL GR HA. Analyzed the data: MG YJJ JM PJ HA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MG CMC. Wrote the manuscript: MG. Provided the TRAIL for the in vitro experiments: PS. Provided the RNA of normal and tumor lung samples: MC PNS.