About the Authors

Bryce M. Whited

Contributed equally to this work with: Bryce M. Whited, Matthias C. Hofmann

Affiliation School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Matthias C. Hofmann

Contributed equally to this work with: Bryce M. Whited, Matthias C. Hofmann

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Peng Lu

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Yong Xu

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Christopher G. Rylander

Affiliations School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Ge Wang

Affiliation School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Etai Sapoznik

Affiliation Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Tracy Criswell

Affiliation Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Sang Jin Lee

Affiliation Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Shay Soker

mnr@vt.edu (MNR); ssoker@wakehealth.edu (SS)

Affiliation Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America

Marissa Nichole Rylander

mnr@vt.edu (MNR); ssoker@wakehealth.edu (SS)

Affiliations School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BMW MCH SS GW YX MNR. Performed the experiments: BMW MCH PL. Analyzed the data: BMW MCH SS YX MNR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GW CGR SS SJL YX MNR. Wrote the paper: BMW MCH SS YX MNR. GFP labeling of endothelial cells: TC ES.