About the Authors

Sarah J. Lewis

s.j.lewis@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Luisa Zuccolo

Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Affiliation MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

John Macleod

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Santiago Rodriguez

Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Elizabeth S. Draper

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Margaret Barrow

Affiliation Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

Rosa Alati

Affiliation School of Population Health & Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia

Kapil Sayal

Affiliation Developmental Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Susan Ring

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jean Golding

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Ron Gray

Affiliation National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SJL RG GDS JG. Performed the experiments: S. Ring SJL. Analyzed the data: SJL LZ S. Rodriguez. Wrote the paper: SJL JM LZ RG. Contributed towards the analysis plan and to discussions on the interpretation of the data: ESD MB RA KS JM GDS RG JG.