About the Authors

Robert O. Deaner

deanerr@gvsu.edu

Affiliation Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America

David C. Geary

Affiliations Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America

David A. Puts

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Sandra A. Ham

Affiliation Sandra Ham Consulting, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Judy Kruger

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Elizabeth Fles

Affiliation Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America

Bo Winegard

Affiliation Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America

Terry Grandis

Affiliation Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Wrote the paper: ROD DCG DAP. Edited the manuscript: SAH JK EF BW TG. Conceived and designed the experiments study 1: ROD DCG SAH JK. Conceived and designed the experiments study 2: ROD. Conceived and designed the experiments study 3: ROD DAP. Performed the experiments study 1: SAH. Performed the experiments study 2: ROD DAP EF BW TG. Perfomed the experiments study 3: ROD. Analyzed the data study 1: SAH. Analyzed the data study 2 & 3: ROD.