About the Authors

Michelle C. Stanton

Contributed equally to this work with: Michelle C. Stanton, David Taylor-Robinson

m.stanton@lancaster.ac.uk

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

David Taylor-Robinson

Contributed equally to this work with: Michelle C. Stanton, David Taylor-Robinson

Affiliation Department of Health Inequalities and the Social Determinants of Health, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

David Harris

Affiliation Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Fauzia Paize

Affiliation Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Nick Makwana

Affiliation Department of Child Health, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Lyndon, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom

Scott J. Hackett

Affiliation Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Paul B. Baines

Affiliations Department of Professional Ethics, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

F. Andrew I. Riordan

Affiliation Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Omnia Marzouk

Affiliation Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Alistair P. J. Thomson

Affiliation Leighton Hospital, Crewe, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Peter J. Diggle

Affiliation Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

C. Anthony Hart

† Deceased.

Affiliation Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Enitan D. Carrol

Affiliations Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CAH MCS DT-R DH PJD EDC. Performed the experiments: FP NM SJH PBB FAIR OM APJT EDC MCS DT-R DH PJD EDC. Analyzed the data: MCS DT-R DH PJD EDC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MCS DT-R DH PJD EDC. Wrote the paper: MCS DT-R PJD EDC.